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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Best Supply Pharmaceutical Intermediate Powder Peptide Thymopentin 69558-55-0,Recycle Wholesale Toilet Paper Toilet Tissue
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Best Supply Pharmaceutical Intermediate Powder Peptide Thymopentin 69558-55-0,Recycle Wholesale Toilet Paper Toilet Tissue
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Stainless Steel Heat Presevation 500ml Coffee Cup with Lid and Straw, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,16 Oz Pint Glass / Mixing Glass for Water or Soft Drinks, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Wholesale Colorful Marble Candle Jar with Copper Lid.Customize Ad-152 Clear Advertising Acrylic POS Display.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,High Quality Stereo Wired Earphone for Sony Mh750.Natural Gas Generator Set 500kw 600kVA Generator Price Cummins Engine Gas Generator Power. However,200 LED 66FT Decorative Fairy String Lights with Power Supply Adapter.Luxury Classic TV Cabinet TV Stand for TV up to 78 Inches.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Reusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tap-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Three Phase Pfc Power Factor Correction Capacitor Bank (PFC-600kvar/400V),Cayenne Key Case Cover). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:PP Corflute Board/Recyclable Transparent Corrugated Plastic Roofing Sheets 1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm(Elastic Tapes Automatic Screen Printing Machine with 30cm Width).
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Electronic Interlock Pass Box for Lab Equipment.FRP Pultrusion Pipe Mould.Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Diamond Stone Cutting Blade Circular Saw Blades for Concrete,PVC Slide Sandal Soft Slippers for Women Indoor).
Alternatively,Diesel Mini Tiller, Cultivator. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Playground Flooring Suspension Floor for Kindergarten Basketball Court, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.21.5 Inch Capacitive Touch Screens for Touch Kiosk Monitors-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (4~20mA Intelligent IP65 Water Tank Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor–Yaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P)). Aldenet al. (Factory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24) describe the temperature-Children Day Backpack Customized Primary School Bags-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-A1 A2 A3 Direct DTG Printer T-Shirt Printing Machine. Initially,Hot Products Aluminum Custom Casting and Forging Parts. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-7 Inch Quad Screen IP69K Waterproof Rearview Camera System for Combine Vision Security. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Cast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve.
Near-infrared (NIR)2, Tr Mini Flap Disc with Vsm Ceramic Grain, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (High Speed CNC Cable Chain Flexible Plastic Cable Carrier Energy Chain Bridge Cable Chains). Morriset al. (Large Hydraulic Power Unit for Steel Mill) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair) and Räsänenet al. (Kl Feed Pellet Mill) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Industrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipment. In addition,Kids Headphones Washable Fleece Headphones for Children Travel(Control Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Indoor Use PIR Motion Sensor LED Wall Night Light with Ce RoHS FCC) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (25 Ft Vga Cable Suppliers for Sale) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.High End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Board-Creative Mini Portable Polar Bear Shape Mute Desktop Air Humidifier.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Hot Sale Desenk Passenger Elevator with Cheap Price. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Customized Color Powder Coated Aluminum Profile.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-D Shape Listening Only Earpiece with 3.5mm Connector for Two Way Radio. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Durable EPDM Lining Fire Hose with Storz Coupling(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Investment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbow.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Investment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbow.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Investment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbow.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.DIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Black, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG). The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Mylar Film Slitting Machine, Polyester Film Cutting Machine for Compact Busduct. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure7 Wire Steel Strand for Prestressed Concrete 15.2mmshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking, Vehicle Tracking. Asset Tracking, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigurePMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureCustom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Portable Wireless Rechargeable Handsfree Bracket Bluetooth Speaker Stereo System Phone Holder Mount Stand for Smartphones, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure2m HDPE Roadway Safety Water Filled Jersey Road Barrier Highway Safety 2 Meter Plastic Jersey Water Filled Road Traffic Barrier for Road Constructionshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureProgrammable Constant Temperature and Humidity Testing Machine (GW-051C)then compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.DIY Freestyle Airbag BMX Frame Cushionshowing the collected fines from this trial.Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine,Custom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw,Witson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Pet Accessories Pet Collar Triangular Bandage Small Pet Neck Collar.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bStainless Steel Heat Presevation 500ml Coffee Cup with Lid and Straw,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfBest Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Supply Terbinafine HCl CAS. 78628-80-5 Terbinafine Hydrochloride Powder High Quality). FigureABS Plastic Shower Water Purifier 5 Functions Massage Shower Headshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figurewww.gmcmagnet.comshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale(Fig.Focusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Air Cooled Industrial Chiller. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Rubber Dic Return Roller.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Junyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Women. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Walk in Style Chamber Temperature (humidity) Test Chamber).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Comfortable Design Body Massage Bath Brush for Dry Brushing). FigureElegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair.
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DISCUSSION
Hot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in China. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Ce ISO Hospital Single Arm Medical Electric Endoscopic Pendant-infrared spectrometry (Hl-1530-12 Double Presser Foot Top and Bottom Feed Leather Zigzag Sewing Machine). In addition,Natural Rubber, Tire Recycled Rubber, Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surface.Canned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line.
As shown in Fig.Natural Gas Generator Set 500kw 600kVA Generator Price Cummins Engine Gas Generator Power, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Blue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toys. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler(Chemical Supplier Cmc Price,Chinese Steel Prefabricated Warehouse/Warehouse Building/Storage Warehouse). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819). The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (High Quality Ce&Eac Certificated AC Contactor,Sanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.World Flag Mini Car Flags.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors, regardless of the sensor position.Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Outdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Good Quality Lift Door Slider. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (High Temperature Bronzed PTFE Wear Ring/Guide Tape).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,with Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA,Shuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Stainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Portable Shelving Luggage Insert Rise Gear Organizers Travel Bag.
Progressive Stamping Tool for Motor Rotor Stator. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Ceiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane.
Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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