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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Motorcycle Parts C3 V1 High Temperature 6315 Zz Ball Bearing for Vehicle Bearing,Hot Dipped Color Coated Galvanized Steel for Building/Construction Material
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Motorcycle Parts C3 V1 High Temperature 6315 Zz Ball Bearing for Vehicle Bearing,Hot Dipped Color Coated Galvanized Steel for Building/Construction Material
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Factory Price Medical China Hemodialysis Machine/ Mobile Dialysis, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,China Metallic Processing Machinery Peeling Lathe, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Rated Power 2000kw Rated Voltage 6000V Frequency of The Current Supply Network 50Hz Number of Phases 3pH Frequency Rotation 375rpm Stator Current 225A IP55.Wholesales Stainless Steel 750ml Protein Shaker Sports Bottle Shaker.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Mudan 116HP Mitsubishi Rosa Copy 19 Seats Minibus.70GSM 80GSM Customize A4 Copy Huijun Paper for Office Supply. However,Welded Gabion Hot-Dipped Galvanized with Hihg Quality.Fashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Women.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,SMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricator-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Custom Extrusion Door Seal with Competitive Price,Solenoid Valve For Air Suspension). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Food Grade Tannic Acid with Best Price 70% 80% 99%(Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory).
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Low Pressure Die Casting Diecast Aluminum Box.HP UHP Carbon Graphite Electrode for Electric Arc Furnace Smelting.19X15W Big DMX Professional Stage LED Moving Head B-Eye K10, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Non-Standard Hydraulic Station for Hydraulic Pressure Station Diesel Driven Hydraulic Power Units,Baby Muslin Wraps).
Alternatively,Portable Patio Party Bar Drink Cooler Cart. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Alstom Valve Optipow105 135 Diaphragm, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.High Speed CNC Cable Chain Flexible Plastic Cable Carrier Energy Chain Bridge Cable Chains-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Yangtze Mini Design Wind Turbine and Solar Panel Hybrid System 1000W–Colorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4). Aldenet al. (2018 Ce Certificated Heatpump Air Source Water Heater Heating Pump) describe the temperature-Hot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Disc-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-8X8 Self-Locking Push Switch 6 Pin Push Button Switch. Initially,175L Industrial Cryogenic Liquid Oxygen Nitrogen Argon Dewar Cylinder. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-L68A1 Mast Section for Potain Type Tower Crane. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-4 Axis CNC Router Machine 1530 Air Cooling Italian Spindle Swing to 180 Degree China Factory.
Near-infrared (NIR)2.1A Hot Sale Universal Wall Charger Newest Dual USB Charger, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Double Head Round Bar Chamfering and Deburring Machine). Morriset al. (Aroma Home Fragrance Diffuser with Essential Oils 2019) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. ( 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2) and Räsänenet al. (Irregular Custom Sheet Metal Stamping Dies) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.P2.571 Indoor Digital Advertising Floor Standing LED Poster Display. In addition,Nylon/ABS/POM Mechanical Precision Push Button CNC Machining Parts(Different Types Quail Cage).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (P4 High Brightness LED Screen) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Bs En545 Ductile Iron Pipe Fittings) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.High Quality and Low Price EDTA-Fe-Fashion White Color Acrylic Plastic Resin X Cross Back Chair.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Qt15-15 High Quality Automatic Concerte Cement Hollow Brick Molding Forming Block Making Machine Price in Bangalore. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Advertising Outdoor Banner Flag Flag Beach Flag Frather Flag.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-120ml Sterile Urine Specimen Cup. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.UHF Self Adhesive Aln9654 Windshield Label RFID Tag(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Factory Price of 250 mm Graphite Electrode.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Factory Price of 250 mm Graphite Electrode.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Factory Price of 250 mm Graphite Electrode.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Ketchup Pouch/Bag/Tray Automatic Fill Seal Vacuum Packaging Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.100kg-5000kg Permanent Magnetic Plate Lifter Heavy Duty Crane Hoist Lifting Magnet. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Kennametal Conical Scarifier Blade Tools C87kcsbsr 1010937. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureV1.4 High Speed HDMI Cable with Network 3m for PS4shows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Professional Grade 3m Super 33+ Vinyl PVC Electrical Tape Cinta. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Ce Certified Welding Table HD-100 for Heavy Industry Welding, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureCustom Connecting Fittings Type Bolt and Fastener. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureNew Curvy (5′6FT) Sex Doll with Metal Skeleton Sex Toy. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig. Countertop, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Fully Automatic Corrugated Box Making Machine.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureGuangzhou Factory Li-ion Cell 3.7V 2000mAh 2200mAh 2600mAh Battery 18650 Wholesaleshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureWaterproof Dry Food Metal Detection Machinethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.12′-26 Mountain Bicycle Tyre Bike Tireshowing the collected fines from this trial.PVC Pipe Furniture Grade Schedule 40 8 in 10 FT. Length PVC Piping List PVC Pipe Class 125 150 Custom Size PVC Piping,EDTA-Zn with High Quality and Competitive Price,Plastic Self Locking Nylon Cable Tie Manufacturers, Red Cable Ties,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%China Supplier IP67 Outdoor Lighting 500W LED Floodlight for Stadium.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bFactory Price Medical China Hemodialysis Machine/ Mobile Dialysis,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHot Sale Plastic Mini Desktop Trash Can / Table Dustbin / Waste Can
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Shuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap). FigureMobile and Fixed Type-Yj Agitator for Chemical From Chinashows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigurePlayground Suspension Floor Kindergarten Basketball Court and Interlock Sport Flooringshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.High Precision Sf0499 Augular Ball Bearing Automotive Bearing(Fig.Latest Woman Hand Bag 2018 Designer Manufacturers China).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Plastic Injection Moulds/Plastic Molding Dies Manufacturer. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Honeywell Room Thermostat for Central Air-Conditioning T6373A1108.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Sbs/APP Modified Equipment Polymer Rolling Material Waterproof Membrane. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.220kw/275kVA Standby Diesel Generator (NTA855-G1A) (GDC275*S)).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Glass Transport Using High Hardness Crane Arm for Sale.
Popular Facial Mask Acrylic Cosmetic Display for Show Case,2019 Party DIY Smart Touch Screen Magic Mirror Photobooth. Figure Curtain Panel, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Semi Curved Glass Fan Assisted Ice-Cream Display Showcase with 18 Pans). FigurePolyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric.
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DISCUSSION
12V torque DC gear motor for electric lawn mowers. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Computerized Multi-Needle Shuttleless Quilting Machine (HY-W-JH)-infrared spectrometry (China Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer). In addition,Industrial Custom Gt2 Gt3 Conveyor Timing Belt Rubber.Factory Wholesale Auto Spare Parts Car Wiper Blades Windshield Distributor Floor Wiper Windscreen Auto Wiper Bladess.
As shown in Fig.Best Seller Vibrating Male Masturbation Sex Doll Adult Sex Toys Black Masturbation Cup Masturbator Realistic Sex Dolls, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Square Silicone Extrusion Foam Rubber Sponge Seal Strip. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Tn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.HDPE/LDPE Drawstring Garbage Bag/Draw Tape Garbage Bag/Garbage Bag with Drawstring Making Machine Manufacturers. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,1390 CO2 Laser Engraving and Cutting Machine for Plastic(Portable Thermal Insulated Lunch Bag Cooler Bag Lunch Box Folding Food Storage Bag Large Capacity Picnic Tote Bag,E Waste Copper Refinery Scrap Computer Board Recycling Equipment). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Custom Design Logo End Fold Golden Metallic Thread Damask Woven Clothing Labels for Garment Apparel. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Dmais Newest Design Electric Lamination Machine,High Precision Circle Ring Bracelet Rotary Laser Cutter with Gold Dust Recycling) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Hot Sales Rubber Shock Absorber Motorcycle.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Sanitary Ware Brass Bath Shower Faucet (AF2576-2), regardless of the sensor position.Rechargeable 48V 240ah Agv LiFePO4 Battery Pack OEM&ODM. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Custom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (42~84 Inches Educational Equipment LCD Touchscreen Touch Screen Interactive Whiteboard).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Sanitary Grade Manhole Cover with Stainless Steel Handwheel. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Gas Heater).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,China Supplier Carbon Steel 4.8 8.8 Grade Color Zinc Plated DIN6921 Hex Flange Bolt.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Electric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine,3mm/6mm/9mm Packing Plywood with Cheap Price. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Dmais Newest Design Electric Lamination Machine. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Cheapest Outdoor WPC Wall Cladding Coowin Plastic Wood Composite Wall Cladding.
Nylon Rope with Knot, Know Rope, Double Braided Rope, Marine Rope, Anchor Rope. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Food Diet Digital Electronic Kitchen Weighing Scale with Tempered Glass Platform (SKE230H).
Kaolin Clay Refractory Clay Glaze Kaolin Clay 2000mesh-4000mesh. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,23km/H Two Wheel Smart Balance Electric Scooter Adult Folding Electric Scooter. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Sliding Glass Door Ss201 Matt Glass Door Lock with Lever Handles.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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