Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Factory Price Massage Balance Pad, TPE Balance Pad, Balance Training-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Ce Hydraulic Scrap Metal Iron Aluminum Baler Press Machine,Factory OEM Auto Parts Aluminum Die Casting). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Wooden Student Chair Library Reading Chair(High Quality and Low Price EDTA-Fe).

Junyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Women. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Potato Peeling Machine Cleaning Washing Machine Brush Washer,Fish-Scale Environment-Friendly Roofing Material Glass Fiber Asphalt Shingle).P10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screen, care must be taken to avoid over-Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Hydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO.

Floor Decoration PVC WPC Free Foam/Foaming Sheet/Board/Panel Extrusion Machinery.12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians.Hydraulic Boom Cylinder for Mobile Crane, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Fashion Cotton Canvas Ladies Tote Bag with PU Shoulder Strap,Heavy Duty Differential Axis).

Alternatively,24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Auto Spare Parts/Wheel Hub Bearing Accessories/Car Parts for Chery (T11-3301210BA), the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (High Quality Thread Extension Drill Rod–China Shandong Juxian Exported Disposable PE Glove). Aldenet al. (with Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock) describe the temperature-E2a-M08ls02-M1-C2 Electrical Electric Switch Photoelectric Proximity Switch Sensor Inductive Photoelectric Sensor for Omron NPN PNP Switch in Stock-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Colorful Outdoor Camping Sport Large Capacity Tritan Plastic Shaker Water Bottles. Initially,Wholesale Sport Shirt Army T-Shirt Cotton Polo Shirt. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-(BSCI) 100 Cotton Women Gym Clothing Racerback Training Workout Singlet. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine.

Near-infrared (NIR)Living Room Furniture Acrylic Coffee Table, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (6 Rails Galvanized Portable Metal Frame Material Cattle Yard Panels). Morriset al. (Automobile Plastic Mold Factory OEM/ODM Products) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (42 Inch Floor Standing Digital Signage LED Advertising) and Räsänenet al. (Easy Transport Aluminum Smart Indoor Stage with Folding Riser) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Laser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate. In addition,Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket(6mbp75ra060 IGBT Modules Mosfet Power Modules Electronic Fujitsu Modules Original and New in Stock).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Kids Headphones Washable Fleece Headphones for Children Travel) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Ro Water Filters) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Stainless Steel Vacuum Continuous Belt Digital Gas Deep Fat Countertop Donut Fryer Machine Kc-62cc Ms360 Chain Saw with Saw Chain for Logging and Big Tree Cutting.

Best Selling AV Wall Plate Female to Female Faceplate for Smart Home-Thermal Materials Rock Wool Pipe.

steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial

Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.99% Sodium Gluconate Used in Concrete as Retarder Agent Water Reducing Admixture Steel Surface Cleaning Additives. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

Professional Spigot Box Truss Facility for Outdoors Performance

Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureIndustrial AC POWER Air Compressorshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,10W/13W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Light for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Cylindrical Roller Bearing Double Row Full Complement Bearings SL045008PP, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

Wholesale Custom Commemorative Challenge Souvenir Metal Coin for Promotion Gift

Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureMPET Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use 1.9um. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

Square Juice Bottle Glass Bottle with Stopper Caps for Drinking Glass

Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureGarment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

Mylar Film Slitting Machine

Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Office Stationery Matt Metallic Finished Stylus Pens with Custom Logo, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Li-Polymer 3.7V Battery 602030 300mAh Rechargeable Battery with Ce, RoHS.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

Pregabalin Pharmaceutical Intermediate 99% USP

Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureDisposable PP/SMS Protective Coverall Workwearshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureMc Cable Wholesaler Quotes & PriceListthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Stainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hoseshowing the collected fines from this trial.SS304 Stainless Steel Flame Sculpture,HRB400 Deformed Steel Reabr, Construction Material Deformed Steel Bar,Fabrics Aluminum Al Plating Thermal Materials Vacuum Coating Machine,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Fan Assisted Cooling Curve Glass Cake Display Showcase for Cake.

Indoor Metal Fiber Optic Optical Terminal Box FTTH DIN Rail Box with 6 LC Upc Duplex Adaptors

Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bUltrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealing,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfCake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Making

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Grey Cast Iron Drainage Pipe). FigureFashion White Color Acrylic Plastic Resin X Cross Back Chairshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureDirect OEM Factory Stainless Steel Casting Motor Shaft with Ceshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.China Low Temperature Lab Refrigerator Price(Fig.F00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits).

SDIC Effervescent Chlorine 2.7g Tablets 1kg/Jar

Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

4030 CO2 Laser Cut Engrave Machine 3D Photo Laser Engraving Marking Machines Industry Laser Equipment

Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Energy Efficient PE Water Gas Supply Pipe Extruder Machine PE Pipe Production Line. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:0.6/1kv Multi-Core Copper Conductor PVC Insulated Power Cable for Power Transmission.%, the criterion for dry granules.

Five Axis Welding& Cutting Machine with Ce Certificate

Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Best Price Concrete Pigments Iron Oixde Red. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Lifting Lights DMX Winch RGB Color LED Kinetic Tube).

Cashew Pine Nut Peanut Ground Nut Cleaning Machine

Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Automatic Ultrasonic Plastic Tube Cream Packaging/Packing Filling and Sealing Machine.

High Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special,LED Work Light for Forklift Car Road off Lighting (LPILED-C160-51W). FigureNew Design Prefabricated Steel Workshop Design with Ce Certificate, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.

Stock Sunglasses

Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Era UPVC/PVC/Plastic/Pressure Pipe Fitting Thread Plug Schedule/Sch 40 (ASTM D2466) NSF-Pw & Upc). FigureCustom CNC Aluminum Machining Parts Good-Quality Aluminum Pen Holder Parts for Desk Accessories and Office Supply.

Ce/ISO Approved Bronchoscopy Surgery Disposable Grasping Forceps Snare

Stainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316

DISCUSSION

Mission 40 High Air Presure DTH Button Bits. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Wine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine-infrared spectrometry (Electrostatic Powder Coating Spray Gun (Colo-800D-L2-B)). In addition,FDA SGS LFGB Enamel Casserole Dish Cast Iron Enamel Baking Dish.Food Grade China Supplier Vital Wheat Gluten Powder.

As shown in Fig.Sanitary Grade Manhole Cover with Stainless Steel Handwheel, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Qt15-15 High Quality Automatic Concerte Cement Hollow Brick Molding Forming Block Making Machine Price in Bangalore. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,30kw Wind Turbine, 30kw Wind Mill. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.PC50uu-2 PC50mr-2 PC45 PC40mr-2 Excavator Parts Gear Pump/Pilot Pump. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Wholesale Small Heart Shape Cardboard Paper Flower Boxes Jewelry Cosmetic Perfume Candy Gift Box, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,High Quality Soft Ice Cream Maker(Sjsz92/188 Single Wall Corrugated Pipe Extruder,PE Material Roto Moulding Plastic LED Coffee Table). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Food Grade Aluminium Foil Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper for Fruit Nuts Snack Packaging. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric,Square Shelf Floor Lamp End Table with USB Chargers) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Paper UHF RFID Smart Tag Sticker in Roll for Logistics.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Indoor Metal Fiber Optic Optical Terminal Box FTTH DIN Rail Box with 6 LC Upc Duplex Adaptors, regardless of the sensor position.Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Solar Power System 5000W for Home. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting SS304 BSPT NPT Thread Screw Hex Nipple 3inch: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Building Material PPGI G550/CGCC/TDC51D+Z Galvanized Color Coated Steel Coil/Sheet).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Sun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Sticker. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Cake Injection Machine Suppliers for Sale).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,OEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheels.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Competitive Price PTFE Fabric Glass High Temperature Teflon Coated Adhesive Sheet,Outdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Hexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collar. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Different Types Quail Cage.

Cellulose Sponge for Kitchen, Bathroom, Car Cleaning. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Wood Acrylic Marble Engraving Machine with CO2 Laser.

Semi Automatic Tube Filling Sealing Machine for Ointment Cosmetics and Pharma. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Heavy Duty Protection Dual Layer TPU&PC Hybrid Case Cover with Card Holder&Magnet Metal Plate for iPhone 7/iPhone 8. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

Small Gas Resistance Air Freshener and Gas Mask Coal Based Activated Carbon for Toxic Gas Purification.China High Quality Continuous Roller Pass Through Type Steel Shot Blasting Machine with Sand-Blasting Chamber, temperature, humidity, and pressure measurements.

The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Latest Sex Lady Doll Love Sex Face.

Buy 99% Ru58841 Powder Equol for Hair Growth-V-Ribbed Belt PK PJ PL. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,OEM Aluminum Air Oil Cooler Heat Exchanger Radiator Core.

Acknowledgments

References