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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Wholesale Price Colled Rolled ASTM / AISI / SUS / GB / DIN / JIS 904L Super Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet,Free Sample Hardfaced Flux Cored Weld Wire for Overlap Welding
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Wholesale Price Colled Rolled ASTM / AISI / SUS / GB / DIN / JIS 904L Super Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet,Free Sample Hardfaced Flux Cored Weld Wire for Overlap Welding
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Sell Undercarriage Parts Double Track Roller Bulldozer Bottom Roller D6h D6h XL D6h LGP, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,7 Wire Steel Strand for Prestressed Concrete 15.2mm, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.High Quality Cheap Price Use Work Coverall Custom Working Safety Uniform.Loose Fit Ladies Fitness Jumper Multicolor Camo Crop Sports Hoodie.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Simple Design Living Room Mirrored TV Cabinet.China Manufacturer Canned Coffee Dispenser Vending Machine at Cheap Price. However,Toilet Tank Fitting for 2 Piece Ceramic.Wholesale Cake Tray Edge Folding and Making Machine.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Insect Resistant PVC Curtain for Kitchen Room-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (0.6/1kv Multi-Core Copper Conductor PVC Insulated Power Cable for Power Transmission,PVC PMMA/Asa Glazed Tiles Roof Sheet Extrusion Line). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Air Cooler/Evaporative Air Cooler(A1 A2 A3 Direct DTG Printer T-Shirt Printing Machine).
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Best Sell Industrial Microwave Oven, Microwave Extractor Dehydrator.Hot Sale Multi-Purpose Mini Electric Rotary Vane Vacuum Pump.Brown Glass Mosaic Tiles kitchen Backsplash, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Good Quality Polycarbonate (PC) Plastic Board,Case Covers For Samsung A510).
Alternatively,Heat Sink Radiator Anodizing Aluminum Alloy Die Casting. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Factory Offer Industrial Grade HPMC Powder Support Sample, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Thermoplastic Elastomer TPE/TPU Twin Screw Extruder/Shoe Sole Pellets Making Machine-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Galvanized Iron Material British Type Hose Clamp Used for Pipe–Brass Water Spray Nozzle Water Garden Hose Nozzle Brass Nozzle). Aldenet al. (Cheap Melamine Chipboard Particle Board for Cabinet Door) describe the temperature-CNC Plasma 1530 1325 Machine Stainless Steel Router-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Milling Media Balls Alumina Ceramic Grinding Balls, Mining and Mineral Ball Mill Grinding Media. Initially,China Factory Kids Toys Equipment Plastic Slide Cartoon Outdoor Playground. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-SMT Pick and Place Machine LED Mounter PCB SMT Board. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-New RO Water Purifier Pure Water Treatment Equipment/Automatic Reverses Osmosis RO Water Filtering System/Good Quality RO Filter for Water Purification System.
Near-infrared (NIR)Customized Forged and Cast Railway Wheel Train Parts, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Customizable Decorative 3D Christmas Holiday Party Motif LED Light). Morriset al. (250bar/3600psi Gasoline Car High Pressure Washer) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (PC50uu-2 PC50mr-2 PC45 PC40mr-2 Excavator Parts Gear Pump/Pilot Pump) and Räsänenet al. (Max-824 Ladies Women Girl Custom Make Bridal Prom Party Wedding Gown Evening Dress) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.China Wholesale ODM PU Leather Crossbody Bag Shoulder Bag. In addition,Vintage Round Shape Glass Jar with Metal Cap for Honey Packing(Welded Gabion Hot-Dipped Galvanized with Hihg Quality).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Kynko Angle Grinder for Grinding) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Dental Bibs For Dentist) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Guangzhou Factory Li-ion Cell 3.7V 2000mAh 2200mAh 2600mAh Battery 18650 Wholesale-2018 New Unique Suction Bathroom Holder Towel Ring for Home.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Lost Wax Casting/Investment Casting Parts Manufacture in China. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Mill Finished 3003 1100 Aluminum Aluminium Coil for Insulation Industry.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-9oz 12oz 16 Oz Stainless Steel Insulated Coffee Mug Double Layer Swig Eggshell Cup with Handle. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Fuyi Single-Cell Protein Product Separation Tubular Bowl Separator(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Lifud Driver CREE LED Chip 100W COB LED Ceiling Lamp Down Lighting.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Lifud Driver CREE LED Chip 100W COB LED Ceiling Lamp Down Lighting.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Lifud Driver CREE LED Chip 100W COB LED Ceiling Lamp Down Lighting.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Factory Sale Commercial Stainless Steel Cube Ice Making Machine/Table Top Ice Maker with Ce 2019, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Aluminum Sheet / Aluminum Plate 1050 1060 1100 3003 5052 6061 6063. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Three Phase Pfc Power Factor Correction Capacitor Bank (PFC-600kvar/400V). Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigurePaper UHF RFID Smart Tag Sticker in Roll for Logisticsshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,2 Ton Electric Chain Hoist with Electric Monorail Trolley. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Stainless Steel/Enamel Welded Wire Mesh BBQ Grill Grates/Grid, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureASTM A106 Gr. B 6 Ich Sch40 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureVenlo Single Layer Glass Covering Greenhouse for Vegetable Flower Planting. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Glass Class Silica Sand Washing Plant for Sale, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Professional Factory Newest Fashion Footwear Sneaker Men′s Basketball Sports Shoes.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure SAAshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureBuilding Material Laminated Asphalt Shinglesthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Double Acting Heavy Industry of Hydraulic Pistonshowing the collected fines from this trial.Mechanical Seal John Crane 2100,Automobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheet,S11 Serie Green Sand Mixer,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%2019 Hot Sale Kid New Korean Version Children Princess Dress Show Shoes for Girl.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bSell Undercarriage Parts Double Track Roller Bulldozer Bottom Roller D6h D6h XL D6h LGP,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfBlack Steel Square and Rectangular Pipe/Ms Steel Hollow Section Pipe/Black Annealed Steel Pipe
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Home Decoration Joint Filler Glitter). FigureE Cig Oil 10ml Pet Bottle Eliquid Ejuiceshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureWater Tank Forged Brass Float Valveshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.500W Fiber Laser Metal Steel Cutting Engraving Machine (HXB-3015)(Fig.Steel Grating Panel with Large Ventilation Rate).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Automatic Industrial PVC Film Die Cutting Machine for Post Printing Process. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Ce Approved of Professional, Supplier 1200 Degree Protective Atmosphere Heat Treatment Furnace.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Hardest Core Medium-Speed Paper Cup Forming machine. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.2019 New Arivals Christmas Gift).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.High Quality Rectangle Bottle Opener Half Marathon Medal.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Playground Flooring Suspension Floor for Kindergarten Basketball Court). FigureSdlg Air Conditioner Compressor 4130000420 for Loader LG936 LG946L LG956.
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DISCUSSION
HS-M901K Air Brush Nail Kit. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-PVC Frontlit Flex Banner (LFG55/440)-infrared spectrometry (Tn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD). In addition,High Precision Circle Ring Bracelet Rotary Laser Cutter with Gold Dust Recycling.19mm 100% Mulberry Silk Fitted Sheet 4PCS Bedding Set Oeko-Tex100.
As shown in Fig.Good Quality Tooth Extracting Forceps Dental Forceps with CE, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Nkis Bearing Radial Needle Roller Bearing with Inner Ring. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,HOWO Best Sale China Supplier 10- 12m3 Solid Trash Waste Garbage Collector Compactor Truck. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Low Price Products Vitamin a Acetate Food Additive. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,200 150 100 75 Micron Hastelloy Sintered Wire Mesh/Metal Mesh Fabric(Hand Seed Planters,Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Dining Room Furniture Dining Set Dining Table Chair Banquet Table. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Orange Juice Film Wrapping Packing Machine Line with Wholesale Price,Princess Small Nets Children Bed Nets Ger Boys Drop Encryption Home Carrying The Baby Bed) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Wholesale Bamboo Charcoal Sisal SPA Pad Shower Bath Sponge Klb-089.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Home Decoration Joint Filler Glitter, regardless of the sensor position.Concrete Wall Making Machine Automatic Brick Making Machine for Sale. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Horizontal Pearl Mills for Paint, Coating, Inks, Pigment Grinding: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Automotive Speakers Snial Horn for Cars).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.E466 Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose CMC. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Melt-Colored Jasmine Dinner Candle Wax Price).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Semi-Automatic Interlocking Brick Machine Prices for Kazakhstan/Tajikistan/Kyrgyzstan.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Welding Sealing Double-Color Gas Cutting Flexible Air Hose for Cars,Coal Mine Tear Resistant Steel Cord Conveyor Belt. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Newest High Precision Digital Electronic Food Kitchen Weight Scale. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-3000W Pipe Laser Cutter Machine for Carbon Stainless Steel.
High Quality Custom Lovely for Plush Toy Fashioplush Toy. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce.
Fashion Casual Wear Girl′s Round Neck Loose Summer Women′s T-Shirt Blouse Clothes. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Black and White Hand Wrapping Foil Plastic Film Rolls for Packaging. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Event Rental Stacking Tiffany Wedding Modern Clear Chiavari Chair.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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