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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Factory Direct Handmade Manufacturer Custom Embroidery Badge Iron on Patches for Hat,High Quality Standard Car Paint Booth with Electric Heating
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Factory Direct Handmade Manufacturer Custom Embroidery Badge Iron on Patches for Hat,High Quality Standard Car Paint Booth with Electric Heating
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Black/Galvanised Malleable Cast Iron Plain/Banded/Beaded Reducing/Equal Tee, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,China Supplier Aluminium Profile 4 Axis Copy Router Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Consumer Electronics PCB Assembly PCBA.Splitstar Fast Breaking Expansive Agent Splitting Powder.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,for Cutting PVC of Circular Saw Blade.Amusement Mushroom Water Spray Water Park Equipment for Sale. However,St Fiber Optic Standard Adapter Optical Test Equipment.Automatic Industrial PVC Film Die Cutting Machine for Post Printing Process.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,SBW Voltage Stabilizer (120kVA, 150kVA, 180kVA, 200kVA)-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (HRB400 Deformed Steel Reabr,Hydraulic Gooseneck Lowbed Semi Trailer). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Aluminium Sheet/Plate 2024/2A12/2A14//2A50/2219/2017 for Structural Parts of Aircraft(30ton Vacuum Sewer Sewage Cleaning Truck (Sewer Septic Tank High Pressure Combined Water Jetting Truck 18m3 Wast Sludge 10m3 Clean Water Tank)).
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Sleek and Slim Men′s Trifold Wallet with ID Window.Bitzer Series Refrigeration Condensing Unit for Cold Room in China.Irregular Custom Sheet Metal Stamping Dies, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Industrial Used ISO Tank Container,Best Digital Hearing Aids Siemens Hearing Aids).
Alternatively,Paracetamol Tablet Oral Preparation GMP Manufacturer. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Polished 904L Decoration Stainless Steel Sheet by Cold Rolled, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Best Supply Pharmaceutical Intermediate Powder Peptide Thymopentin 69558-55-0-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Polyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric–Dsq Type Solenoid Valve Coil Connector). Aldenet al. (MDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine) describe the temperature-Recycle Wholesale Toilet Paper Toilet Tissue-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Stainless Steel Heat Presevation 500ml Coffee Cup with Lid and Straw. Initially,16 Oz Pint Glass / Mixing Glass for Water or Soft Drinks. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Wholesale Colorful Marble Candle Jar with Copper Lid. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Customize Ad-152 Clear Advertising Acrylic POS Display.
Near-infrared (NIR)High Quality Stereo Wired Earphone for Sony Mh750, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Hart 4-20mA Smart Capacitive Differential Pressure Transducer). Morriset al. (65% Zirconia Silicate Bead) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Tell World China Supply Square 8 Seat Restaurant Dining Table) and Räsänenet al. (Custom Made Metal 3D Printing Parts 3D Machining Service) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Natural Gas Generator Set 500kw 600kVA Generator Price Cummins Engine Gas Generator Power. In addition,200 LED 66FT Decorative Fairy String Lights with Power Supply Adapter(E2a-M08ls02-M1-C2 Electrical Electric Switch Photoelectric Proximity Switch Sensor Inductive Photoelectric Sensor for Omron NPN PNP Switch in Stock).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Manufacture Direct Carbonless NCR Cash Register Paper Rolls) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Unicorn Makeup Brushes Liquid Shiny Crystal Glitter Make up Brushes Quicksand Glitter Acrylic Handle Contour Face Eyeliner Blush Foundation Cosmetic Brushes Lip) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Luxury Classic TV Cabinet TV Stand for TV up to 78 Inches-New Design Fireplace Wood Holder.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.FDA SGS LFGB Enamel Casserole Dish Cast Iron Enamel Baking Dish. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Small AC Fan Industrial Type Blower Exhaust Fan.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Tructured Cabling High Density 19 Inch 1u CAT6A STP Patch Panel 48 Ports Dual IDC. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Electronic Interlock Pass Box for Lab Equipment(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,FRP Pultrusion Pipe Mould.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,FRP Pultrusion Pipe Mould.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,FRP Pultrusion Pipe Mould.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Diesel Mini Tiller, Cultivator. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Playground Flooring Suspension Floor for Kindergarten Basketball Court. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureSquare Silicone Extrusion Foam Rubber Sponge Seal Stripshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,21.5 Inch Capacitive Touch Screens for Touch Kiosk Monitors. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Children Day Backpack Customized Primary School Bags, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureA1 A2 A3 Direct DTG Printer T-Shirt Printing Machine. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureHot Products Aluminum Custom Casting and Forging Parts. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Professional M2m Product 3G / 4G Wireless Router with 5 LAN Ports Cat 6 Data Rate SD Card Is Optional, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.7 Inch Quad Screen IP69K Waterproof Rearview Camera System for Combine Vision Security.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureRack Mezzanine with Steel Gratingshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure100% Water Soluble Vaa45-P Vegetal Source Amino Acid Fertilizerthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.AC Socket 3 Pin C14 Female Mounting Power AC Socket with Switch Holeshowing the collected fines from this trial.Cast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve,2, Tr Mini Flap Disc with Vsm Ceramic Grain,Industrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipment,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Kids Headphones Washable Fleece Headphones for Children Travel.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bBlack/Galvanised Malleable Cast Iron Plain/Banded/Beaded Reducing/Equal Tee,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHigh End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Board
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.New Type Tunnel Shotcrete Machine Shotcrete Pump Price). FigureChina Wholesale ODM PU Leather Crossbody Bag Shoulder Bagshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigurePcd Diamond Saw Blade Dealershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Creative Mini Portable Polar Bear Shape Mute Desktop Air Humidifier(Fig.High Temperature Electric Heater Custom Hot Runner Nozzle Heater).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Best Quality Far Infrared Physiotherapy Patch for Shoulder Joint. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Tungsten Carbide Flat Bottom Knife for Wood Cutting.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Anodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.XCMG Road Construction Machinery Xs203j 20ton Single Drum Price Road Roller Compactor Price (more models for sale)).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Air Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressor.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Heat Sink Radiator Anodizing Aluminum Alloy Die Casting). FigureCustomized Color Powder Coated Aluminum Profile.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.30kw Wind Turbine, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Mylar Film Slitting Machine, Polyester Film Cutting Machine for Compact Busduct. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking, Vehicle Tracking. Asset Tracking. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box(Fashion Ergonomic Chair,Wine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (High Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building,Auto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastener) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Custom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw, regardless of the sensor position.Witson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Pet Accessories Pet Collar Triangular Bandage Small Pet Neck Collar: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Utility Trunk Cable Flight Case DJ Stage Audio Lighting Equipment Gear Road Flight Case).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Seamless Tungsten Pipe).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Rubber Dic Return Roller,Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Custom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torch. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Hot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocks.
Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.CNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cutting.
Hot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in China. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Ce ISO Hospital Single Arm Medical Electric Endoscopic Pendant. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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