300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generator
andExcellent Design Long Life Span Metal Building ConstructionWoodworking Tool/ Surface Planer/Single Side
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,DIN 6921 Grade 10.9 Black Hexagon Head Flange Bolt,20000 lb 4 levels auto stacker
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,DIN 6921 Grade 10.9 Black Hexagon Head Flange Bolt,20000 lb 4 levels auto stacker
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Food Grade Vacuum Bag with PA/PE/EVOH Materails for Food Pakcaging, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Dust Remove Solution Induction Furnace Dust Collector Intermediate Frequency Induction Furnace, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Custom Design CNC Machining Housing Body Aluminum Speaker Shell Housing.Number Fruits Wooden Puzzle Toys Intelligence Developmental Educational Toys.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Solid Surface 450mm High Small Sexangle Side Table.2.5ton/3.0ton/Hydraulic Trolley. However,Modern Tufted Restaurant Booth Seating with Button (HD661).Standard Low Pressure Emulsion Electric Grease Oil Transfer Pump.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Hard-Anodized Aluminum Custom Spare Parts for CNC Machining-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Fiberglass Fishing Cabin Boats for Sale,Heated Stainless Lunch Box/3 Layers Stainless Steel Lunch Box/Insulation Layer Box). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Large Half Dome Tent Steel Frame Sphere Factory for Sale(12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring).
New Free Design Inflatable Stand up Paddle Board Isup Surfboard. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (2019 New High Battery Capacity Tester Constant Power Current Battery Capacity Discharge Tester,Wireless Wall Switch for Roller Blinds).2019 New High Battery Capacity Tester Constant Power Current Battery Capacity Discharge Tester, care must be taken to avoid over-3X5 USA American 50 Stars Tea Stained American Flag Super Polyester - 90X150 Tea Stain American House Flag, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,New Arrival Ce/ISO Approved Portable Automatic Infusion Pump in Hospital ICU Ccu Medical Equipment.
Hot Sales Interlocking Fitness Gym Rubber Floor Tiles.Cheap Melamine Chipboard Particle Board for Cabinet Door.Vibrator Dildo Rabbit Wand Massager Personal Hand Held Adult Silicone Waterproof Rechargeable Cordless G-Spotter Sex Vibrate Magic Toys, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine,Three Phase 150kVA Solar Inverter Solar Standalone Power Inverter).
Alternatively,G11 Epoxy Fiberglass Laminated Insulation Sheet. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.1.8m/6FT USB 3.1 Type C Male to HDMI Male Cable, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Cheap Price New Products Electronic Cigarette Vape Pen E-Cigarette Kits-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (46 Inch 3.5mm Bezel 500 Nit Security Monitoring System LCD Video Walls for Samsung Original Panel– Mining and Mineral Ball Mill Grinding Media). Aldenet al. (Dn25 1NPT DC6V12V24V 3wires Input Control 2ways Electric Actuator Automatic Operated Plastic 2-Way Motorised Valve for Water) describe the temperature-1000W Raycus Fiber Laser Welding Portable Machine-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Fire Resistance Valve, Hose & Pipe Test Machine, ISO 10497 (FTech-ISO19922). Initially,Steel Grating Panel with Large Ventilation Rate. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) for Food Produce. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Customized Doube Stainless Steel Handmade Apron Kitchen Sink.
Near-infrared (NIR)Economical Custom Design PU Leather Custom Mats, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA). Morriset al. (Best Factory Wholesale Synthetic Nylon Bronzer Contour Blush Foundation Powder Concealers Blending Eye Shadows Face Kabuki Cosmetics Makeup Brush Set) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (off Grid Solar Power System 5kw) and Räsänenet al. (Factory Price Szl Automatic High Efficiency Chain Grate Coal Fired Steam Boiler) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Acoustic Plywood Panels Wall for Sports Hall Decoration Material. In addition,CNC Machine aluminum Parts, CNC Turning Parts, CNC Machining Parts( ALUMINUM GAS VALVE).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Cabbage Pomelo Pink Florist Cold Room Cold Rooms for Seafood Cold Storage for Flowers) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Reducing Sliding Window Door Guide Teflon Roller Pulley) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Wholesale China Manufacturer 600L-10000L PVC Tarpaulin Pillow Collapsible Bladder Water Tank-KIA Pride Clutch Seal for Auto Parts Hok Brand.
Industrial 200kw Wood Pellet Burner-Modern Style Armless Dining Room Chair for Living Room.
Electric Magnetic Stirrer Heat Transfer Mantle
Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Automatic Plastic Cup Counting Packaging Machine. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
Round Tin Cans for Cookies Biscuits
Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Double UPVC WPC PVC Plastic Pipe Making Extrusion Line.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Innovative Design Aluminum Film Metallized Non Woven Fabric. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.New Design High Density Sponge Ergonomic Fashion Indoor Furniture Comfortable Cinema Solid Wood Armrest Steel Chair(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Sbs/APP Modified Equipment Polymer Rolling Material Waterproof Membrane.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Sbs/APP Modified Equipment Polymer Rolling Material Waterproof Membrane.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Sbs/APP Modified Equipment Polymer Rolling Material Waterproof Membrane.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.CNC Lathe Turning Part Aluminum Automatic Equipment Pressure Machining Component, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Hart 4-20mA Smart Capacitive Differential Pressure Transducer. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Cwe-65 1500W pH65/0810 Hammer Drill Demolition Hammer. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureKitchen Stainless Steel Potato Chipper Potato Cutter for French Fryshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Interpump Kit 109 Rubber Water Seal and Gasket. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Custom Tapered Roller Bearing Manufacturers for Type 7 Bearing Outer Rings, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureWholesale Cheap Dubai Luxury Stacking Gold Metal Aluminium Event Wedding Hotel Banquet Chair. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureHigh Quality Plastic Additive Antioxidant 1010 CAS 6683-19-8. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Wholesale Low Profile Flat Embroidery 6 Panel Baseball Cap, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Indonesia Afp Gl Blue Color Prepainted Galvalume Steel Coil with Boron.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigurePower Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033)shows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCar Dvr Wifi Dual Camerathen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Five Arms Used Zoomlion Qy50V 50 Ton Mobile Truck Craneshowing the collected fines from this trial.Small High Pressure Lab Reactor Autoclave,2019 Hot VIP Bus Passenger Seat with 2 by 1,Wholesale Custom Blank Metal Magnetic Cap Clip Magnet Accessories Belt Poker Chip Stamp Rhinestone Bottle Opener Smiley Face Golf Ball Marker for Sale (41),000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%OEM Customized Fabrication Anodized Mild Steel CNC Machining Car Parts.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bFood Grade Vacuum Bag with PA/PE/EVOH Materails for Food Pakcaging,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfLiya Deep Sea Fishing Boats 20HP-115HP Fishing Japan Fiberglass Panga Boat
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.1.8m/6FT USB 3.1 Type C Male to HDMI Male Cable). FigureHigh Precision Sf0499 Augular Ball Bearing Automotive Bearingshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureItalian Leather Strapshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Factory Direct Handmade Manufacturer Custom Embroidery Badge Iron on Patches for Hat(Fig.Hot Sale Jinma 304 Tractor Parts Clutch Assembly).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluid. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:High Quality Standard Car Paint Booth with Electric Heating.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Corrosion Resistant Cable Glands. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Android7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100)).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Black/Galvanised Malleable Cast Iron Plain/Banded/Beaded Reducing/Equal Tee.
China Supplier Aluminium Profile 4 Axis Copy Router Machine,Consumer Electronics PCB Assembly PCBA. FigureCe Certification Hot Selling Fruit Juice Dispenser, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.DIN 6921 Grade 10.9 Black Hexagon Head Flange Bolt). FigureSplitstar Fast Breaking Expansive Agent Splitting Powder.
for Cutting PVC of Circular Saw Blade
DISCUSSION
Amusement Mushroom Water Spray Water Park Equipment for Sale. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-St Fiber Optic Standard Adapter Optical Test Equipment-infrared spectrometry (PCD Drawing Dies for Drawing Steel Wire). In addition,Automatic Industrial PVC Film Die Cutting Machine for Post Printing Process.Das Type 5 PCS Kit Hydraulic Compact Seal.
As shown in Fig.Hot Sale Sequin Notebook with Lock, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.SBW Voltage Stabilizer (120kVA, 150kVA, 180kVA, 200kVA). Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Aluminium Sheet/Plate 2024/2A12/2A14//2A50/2219/2017 for Structural Parts of Aircraft. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Extruded Pure PTFE Rod for Gasket with Different Colors. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
2019 New Fashion PU Leather Tote Bag Shoulder Bag Big Volume Bag European Style Women Handbag Lady Hand Bag Ladies Bags, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,220kw/275kVA Standby Diesel Generator (NTA855-G1A) (GDC275*S)(Powerful Cellphone Mobile Phone GPS GSM WiFi Signal Signal Jammer/Blocker /Interceptor/Isolator,High Tenacity Low Cost Forged Square Buckle for Lashing Belt). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Porcelain Station Post Insulators for Transmission and Substation. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Safe and Highly Reliable Machine CNC Cutting Machine Abrasive Waterjet,HOWO Truck Parts Az9731520021 Front Spring Front Bracket) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Sleek and Slim Men′s Trifold Wallet with ID Window.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Bitzer Series Refrigeration Condensing Unit for Cold Room in China, regardless of the sensor position.Irregular Custom Sheet Metal Stamping Dies. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Paracetamol Tablet Oral Preparation GMP Manufacturer: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Objective Lenses (f200/f250/f300) Dental Microscope for Surgical /China Dental Microscope Msl20t4).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Polished 904L Decoration Stainless Steel Sheet by Cold Rolled. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Front UV Protector Car Sun Shade Window Sunshade Covers).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Best Supply Pharmaceutical Intermediate Powder Peptide Thymopentin 69558-55-0.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Recycle Wholesale Toilet Paper Toilet Tissue,Stainless Steel Heat Presevation 500ml Coffee Cup with Lid and Straw. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.16 Oz Pint Glass / Mixing Glass for Water or Soft Drinks. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Wholesale Colorful Marble Candle Jar with Copper Lid.
Customize Ad-152 Clear Advertising Acrylic POS Display. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.High Quality Stereo Wired Earphone for Sony Mh750.
Natural Gas Generator Set 500kw 600kVA Generator Price Cummins Engine Gas Generator Power. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,200 LED 66FT Decorative Fairy String Lights with Power Supply Adapter. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
Luxury Classic TV Cabinet TV Stand for TV up to 78 Inches.New Design Fireplace Wood Holder, temperature, humidity, and pressure measurements.
The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Reusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tap.
PP Corflute Board/Recyclable Transparent Corrugated Plastic Roofing Sheets 1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm-Resistance Alloy Ni60cr15 Enameled Nichrome Wire for Electromagnetic Furnace. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,Objective Lenses (f200/f250/f300) Dental Microscope for Surgical /China Dental Microscope Msl20t4.
Acknowledgments
Small AC Fan Industrial Type Blower Exhaust Fan(NSERC)Tructured Cabling High Density 19 Inch 1u CAT6A STP Patch Panel 48 Ports Dual IDC.
References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
