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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Portable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Roller,Cold Rolling Slitted Edge No. 1 Surface 304 Stainless Steel Coil
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Portable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Roller,Cold Rolling Slitted Edge No. 1 Surface 304 Stainless Steel Coil
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Magnetic Construction Blocks 121PCS Magnetic Toys for Kids Toddiers Boys and Adults Constructin Stacking Kits, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,2bmf Series Seeder, Seeding Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Factory Direct Supply 219mm Cement Screw Conveyor Construction.Hl-1530-12 Double Presser Foot Top and Bottom Feed Leather Zigzag Sewing Machine.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,PVC /PE /Di Pipe Quick Flange Adaptor.Cleaning Reusable Tobacco Cigarette Filter Reduce Tar Holder. However,94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluid.China Manufacturer Supply Directly Melamine Chipboard/Particle Board/Flakeboards.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Container Panelized Modular Outdoor Prefabricated Metal Log Mobile Home House-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Sanitary Ware Brass Bath Shower Faucet (AF2576-2),High Quality 3oz 6oz 12oz Empty Honey Packaging Glass Jar with Metal Cap). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:30ton Vacuum Sewer Sewage Cleaning Truck (Sewer Septic Tank High Pressure Combined Water Jetting Truck 18m3 Wast Sludge 10m3 Clean Water Tank)(PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light).
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CNC Tool Holder Lathe Ball External Turning Tool.Customwer Brand Eco Wooden Cup Bamboo Cup.Smart Cell Phone Arm Bag, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (4 Sided 19 Inch Pyramid 3D Holographic Display Showcase,Ohp Acetate).
Alternatively,Wholesale Custom Commemorative Challenge Souvenir Metal Coin for Promotion Gift. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Hardest Core Medium-Speed Paper Cup Forming machine, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.90ml Modern Clear Glass Perfume Botle Cosmetic Packing Bottle-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures ( Red Cable Ties–Gold Touch Press Foot Button Switch for Automotive Parts). Aldenet al. (Stainless Steel Heat Presevation 500ml Coffee Cup with Lid and Straw) describe the temperature-Piston Hand-Held Rock Splitter Equipment-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Electricity Strain Composite Silicone Suspension Rod Insulator. Initially,Mangosteen Extract Powder 10/20/30: 1, 10%-90% Xanthone, 10%-80% Alpha-Mangostin, 10%-90%Polyphenols, Pure Powder, Total Soluble. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Durable Primary School Wooden Student Desk and Plastic Chair (SF-22S). Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Walk in Style Chamber Temperature (humidity) Test Chamber.
Near-infrared (NIR)Tell World China Supply Square 8 Seat Restaurant Dining Table, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (500ml Gift Set Corkcicle Bottle with Two Wine Tumbler). Morriset al. (Fiber Laser Marking) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (130lm/W Tunnel Building Security Basketball Padel Tennis Sport Court Stadium Projector Outdoor Spotlight 100W LED Tunnel Lights) and Räsänenet al. (Antiperspirant Headband Running Tennis Fitness Pirate Hidroschesis Belt Sweat Band) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Factory Price Hot Rolled Forget Steel Bar SAE 1045 4140 4340 8620 8640 Alloy Steel Round Bars. In addition,Custom Screw, Shoulder Bolt, Double Head Threaded Screw, Drive Bolt(Automatic PVC Keychain Molding Injection Machine Double Side PVC Products).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (White Lacquer MFC Modular Kitchen Units in Guangzhou) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Foshan Factory Polished Crystal Porcelain Decor Floor Carpet Rangoli Tile for Hotel) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.for RGB LED Strip DC12V/24V LED Strip Controller RGB Amplifier-UL Certificate LED Bathroom Wall Mirror with Touch Switch.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.China Supplier IP67 Outdoor Lighting 500W LED Floodlight for Stadium. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Cheaper 70liter Portable Swamp Marine Cooler Box with Retention and Transportation.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-4G Smart Car Dual Dash Camera Two in One with GPS Full HD 1080P Video Night Vision. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.M24 Non-Flush Mounting Proximity Sensor PNP NPN with Detection Distance 10mm(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Qt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGS.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Qt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGS.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Qt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGS.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Factory Price Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Electrical Cable Conduit, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.TBB Model Electric Counterbalance Stacker. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Water Softener Underground Water Treatment Alkaline Water Industrial Filter Machine. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Rollshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,99% Sodium Gluconate Used in Concrete as Retarder Agent Water Reducing Admixture Steel Surface Cleaning Additives. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Dust Tester-Dust Concentration Detector-Portable Pm2.5 Detector-Smoke Detector, R & D Sales[Onetest], based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureDiamond Stone Cutting Blade Circular Saw Blades for Concrete. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureYellow Color Pipe Heat Insulation Roll Aluminum Foil Glass Wool. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Hot Sale Supply Stainless Steel PTFE Teflon Hose, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.High Quality Restaurant Wooden Dining Room Chair with Leather Seat.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure2018 Hot Sale Good Quality Sponge Iron Supplier Bestshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figurem.kseidon.comthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Saleshowing the collected fines from this trial.Drop Forged One Way Load Buckle,Good Quality Polycarbonate (PC) Plastic Board,Warehouse Workshop Steel Structure Chicken House,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Tungsten Carbide Corner Radius 55HRC End Mill.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bMagnetic Construction Blocks 121PCS Magnetic Toys for Kids Toddiers Boys and Adults Constructin Stacking Kits,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfBest Price of Welded Stainless Steel Pipe (202)
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.2). FigureNew Product Dry Herb Vaporizer Pen Black Widow From China Suppliershows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureAuto Cr HNBR Timing Belt 114r17shows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Professional Factory Ayater Supply Air Filter Cartridge Industrial P191107(Fig.Omega-Type Carbon Fiber Infrared Emitter).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.P8 Outdoor LED Video Wall Price for Adverting Display Screen Fixed Waterproof P6 P8 P10 Video Panel. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Diamond Glass Plate Dessert Plate Vegetable and Fruit Salad Plate.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.ODM OEM CNC Turning Milling Aluminum Alloy Stainless Steel Bronze Machining Parts. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.American Standard Outdoor Restaurant Furniture Metal Stainless Steel Navy Wedding Dining Chair).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Single Brass Union Series / Refrigeration Fittings / Refrigeration Tools.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Top Quality Liquid Nail Adhesive to Stick Big Alumiunm). Figure100% Pure Laminating Plywood and MDF Melamine Powder for Melamine Formaldehyde Resin Use.
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DISCUSSION
2018 Hot Sale Good Quality Sponge Iron Supplier Best. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Rectangular Air Pipe Sheet Pneumatic Duct Bending Machine for Sale-infrared spectrometry (Sany Telehandler 9ton Telescopic Handler Sdcy90K6h1). In addition,Professional Plastic Injection Molding/Mold Plastic Part Manufacturer in China.Fiberglass Fishing Cabin Boats for Sale.
As shown in Fig.Wedding Event Antique Quality Wood Chiavari Chairs, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Cold Rolled Stainless Steel 304 Tubes Hollow Pipe. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Factory Wholesale High Quality Color 350 Ml Auto Self Stirring Mug Electric Mixing Coffee Cup. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.059 Factory Bimetal Thermometer. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Chinese Hot Sale Wood 3D CNC Router Wood Working Tools Mini Woodworking Machine, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Ce Approved Warehouse Storage Heavy Duty Steel Stacking Pallet Rack(Plug Custom Plastic Parts Injection Molding,Multi-Function Camera WiFi IP IR Camera Waterproof Solar Panel Camera). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Low Noise Panel Fan 280X280X80mm 220-240V AC 105W. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Customized Forged and Cast Railway Wheel Train Parts,Plastic Injection Mold Sleeve Precision HSS Ejector Sleeves) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.High Tenacity Low Cost Forged Square Buckle for Lashing Belt.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Square Shelf Floor Lamp End Table with USB Chargers, regardless of the sensor position.Manufacturer Yoga Fitness Exercise TPE Foam Balance Pad. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Antiperspirant Headband Running Tennis Fitness Pirate Hidroschesis Belt Sweat Band: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (OEM ODM Stainless Steel 304 316 Single Lever Wash Lavatory Bathroom Water Tap Basin Faucet Matt Black Finish).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Gorgeous Brazilian Human Milky Way Hair Crochet Braid. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Clear Pvc Roller Blind).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Disposable Coin Compressed Magic Face Towel for Beauty.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Silicone Key Caps Pet Membrane Switch Keyboard with Back Adhesive,Vape Battery Logo Custom USB Charge Evod Plus Electronic Cigarette 510thread Battery. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Fast Obvious 4 in 1 Cavitation Vacuum Liposuction Machine (VS-101). With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Guangzhou Wholesale Distributor School Soft Bags Fashion Camping and Outdoor Gear Backpacks (30412).
High Quality Customized Alumina Ceramic. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.72W Rolling Thin Film Solar Panel Flexible (PVL-72).
Cheap Felt Disposable Indoor Bathroom Guest Slippers Hotel Use. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Chusheng 40FT Container Cargo Wall Side Semi-Trailer Price. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Chicken Dung Organic Fertilizer Granulating Machine.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
