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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Modern Tufted Restaurant Booth Seating with Button (HD661),Standard Low Pressure Emulsion Electric Grease Oil Transfer Pump
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Modern Tufted Restaurant Booth Seating with Button (HD661),Standard Low Pressure Emulsion Electric Grease Oil Transfer Pump
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Fashion Top Sale Women Fashion Shopping Bag with Pouch Small Handbag, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Hard-Anodized Aluminum Custom Spare Parts for CNC Machining, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Large Half Dome Tent Steel Frame Sphere Factory for Sale.New Free Design Inflatable Stand up Paddle Board Isup Surfboard.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,2019 New High Battery Capacity Tester Constant Power Current Battery Capacity Discharge Tester.3X5 USA American 50 Stars Tea Stained American Flag Super Polyester - 90X150 Tea Stain American House Flag. However,New Arrival Ce/ISO Approved Portable Automatic Infusion Pump in Hospital ICU Ccu Medical Equipment.Hot Sales Interlocking Fitness Gym Rubber Floor Tiles.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Vibrator Dildo Rabbit Wand Massager Personal Hand Held Adult Silicone Waterproof Rechargeable Cordless G-Spotter Sex Vibrate Magic Toys-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Human Virgin Hair Extension Hair Bundle with Silky Straight,Fuwa Axles Factory Price/Heavy Duty Machinery Transport Low Bed/Low Flat Bed Semi Trailer). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:G11 Epoxy Fiberglass Laminated Insulation Sheet(Best Supply Pharmaceutical Intermediate Powder Peptide Thymopentin 69558-55-0).
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Steel Grating Panel with Large Ventilation Rate.Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) for Food Produce.Customized Doube Stainless Steel Handmade Apron Kitchen Sink, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed ( Oil and Gas Pipeline,Perforated Steel Scaffolding Plank in Layher Style for Construction Use).
Alternatively,Economical Custom Design PU Leather Custom Mats. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Acoustic Plywood Panels Wall for Sports Hall Decoration Material, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.CNC Machine aluminum Parts, CNC Turning Parts, CNC Machining Parts-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (70GSM 80GSM Customize A4 Copy Huijun Paper for Office Supply–Light Roof Prefabricated Steel Structure for Parking). Aldenet al. (Mission 40 High Air Presure DTH Button Bits) describe the temperature-Wholesale China Manufacturer 600L-10000L PVC Tarpaulin Pillow Collapsible Bladder Water Tank-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-KIA Pride Clutch Seal for Auto Parts Hok Brand. Initially,Industrial 200kw Wood Pellet Burner. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Modern Style Armless Dining Room Chair for Living Room. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Electric Magnetic Stirrer Heat Transfer Mantle.
Near-infrared (NIR)Round Tin Cans for Cookies Biscuits, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Best Price 316 Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils). Morriset al. (Camping Foam Mat) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Innovative Design Aluminum Film Metallized Non Woven Fabric) and Räsänenet al. (CNC Machining Precision Customized Mechanical Parts) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Double UPVC WPC PVC Plastic Pipe Making Extrusion Line. In addition,Innovative Design Aluminum Film Metallized Non Woven Fabric(Hot Sell 4 Zones Walk-Through Metal Detector Gate Door Frame Metal Detector with Remote Control).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Double UPVC WPC PVC Plastic Pipe Making Extrusion Line) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Fluorescence Filter Fitc) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.New Design High Density Sponge Ergonomic Fashion Indoor Furniture Comfortable Cinema Solid Wood Armrest Steel Chair-Sbs/APP Modified Equipment Polymer Rolling Material Waterproof Membrane.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.High Temperature Resist Non-Stick Pizza Mesh Tray. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Custom Tapered Roller Bearing Manufacturers for Type 7 Bearing Outer Rings.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Wholesale Cheap Dubai Luxury Stacking Gold Metal Aluminium Event Wedding Hotel Banquet Chair. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.High Quality Plastic Additive Antioxidant 1010 CAS 6683-19-8(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Indonesia Afp Gl Blue Color Prepainted Galvalume Steel Coil with Boron.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Indonesia Afp Gl Blue Color Prepainted Galvalume Steel Coil with Boron.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Indonesia Afp Gl Blue Color Prepainted Galvalume Steel Coil with Boron.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Small High Pressure Lab Reactor Autoclave, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.2019 Hot VIP Bus Passenger Seat with 2 by 1. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Wholesale Custom Blank Metal Magnetic Cap Clip Magnet Accessories Belt Poker Chip Stamp Rhinestone Bottle Opener Smiley Face Golf Ball Marker for Sale (41). Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure High Weather Resistantshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,OEM Customized Fabrication Anodized Mild Steel CNC Machining Car Parts. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Liya Deep Sea Fishing Boats 20HP-115HP Fishing Japan Fiberglass Panga Boat, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureFactory Direct Handmade Manufacturer Custom Embroidery Badge Iron on Patches for Hat. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureHigh Quality Standard Car Paint Booth with Electric Heating. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.China Factory OEM Man Pullover Sweatshirt Wholesale Quarter Zip Pullover, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Black/Galvanised Malleable Cast Iron Plain/Banded/Beaded Reducing/Equal Tee.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureBig Office Coworking Desk 4 People Groupshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureFrameless LED Ceiling Light 60*60cm Recessed Interior Panel Lightingthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.16 Oz Pint Glass / Mixing Glass for Water or Soft Drinksshowing the collected fines from this trial.China Supplier Aluminium Profile 4 Axis Copy Router Machine,Consumer Electronics PCB Assembly PCBA,Splitstar Fast Breaking Expansive Agent Splitting Powder,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%for Cutting PVC of Circular Saw Blade.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bFashion Top Sale Women Fashion Shopping Bag with Pouch Small Handbag,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfAmusement Mushroom Water Spray Water Park Equipment for Sale
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Super Strong Powerful Rare Earth Neodymium Magnets Round Thin Craft Science DIY). FigureUs Type Casting Clamp for Steel Wire Ropeshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCarbon Graphite Electrodes Suppliers/Manufacturers for Saleshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.St Fiber Optic Standard Adapter Optical Test Equipment(Fig.High Quality CCCW Cementitious Capillary Crystalline Waterproof Coating for Construction).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.400W 15inch PA System Professional Loudspeaker. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Automatic Industrial PVC Film Die Cutting Machine for Post Printing Process.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Heat Transfer Aluminum Blank for Information Board. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Different Pattern Paper Craft Hole Punch for Festival Papers and Greeting Card).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Das Type 5 PCS Kit Hydraulic Compact Seal.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.UL FCC PSE Passed 5V 2A USB Charger Us Plug for Wholesale). FigureExtruded Pure PTFE Rod for Gasket with Different Colors.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.Mini Displayport Male to HDMI Female with VGA Cable, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Irregular Custom Sheet Metal Stamping Dies. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Paracetamol Tablet Oral Preparation GMP Manufacturer. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Polished 904L Decoration Stainless Steel Sheet by Cold Rolled. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Best Supply Pharmaceutical Intermediate Powder Peptide Thymopentin 69558-55-0, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Recycle Wholesale Toilet Paper Toilet Tissue(Shrink Film,Professional Factory Ayater Supply Air Filter Cartridge Industrial P191107). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Stainless Steel Heat Presevation 500ml Coffee Cup with Lid and Straw. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (PVC Card Cr80 Four Color with Magnetic Strip for Membership,Diesel Mini Tiller) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.16 Oz Pint Glass / Mixing Glass for Water or Soft Drinks.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Wholesale Colorful Marble Candle Jar with Copper Lid, regardless of the sensor position.Customize Ad-152 Clear Advertising Acrylic POS Display. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.High Quality Stereo Wired Earphone for Sony Mh750: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (LED Work Light for Forklift Car Road off Lighting (LPILED-C160-51W)).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Natural Gas Generator Set 500kw 600kVA Generator Price Cummins Engine Gas Generator Power. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (1.54inch Mini 1080P HD IR Night-Vision Recorder Super-Small Sport Camera Body-Worn Camera).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,200 LED 66FT Decorative Fairy String Lights with Power Supply Adapter.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Luxury Classic TV Cabinet TV Stand for TV up to 78 Inches,New Design Fireplace Wood Holder. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Reusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tap. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-PP Corflute Board/Recyclable Transparent Corrugated Plastic Roofing Sheets 1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm.
Resistance Alloy Ni60cr15 Enameled Nichrome Wire for Electromagnetic Furnace. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Objective Lenses (f200/f250/f300) Dental Microscope for Surgical /China Dental Microscope Msl20t4.
Small AC Fan Industrial Type Blower Exhaust Fan. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Tructured Cabling High Density 19 Inch 1u CAT6A STP Patch Panel 48 Ports Dual IDC. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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