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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) for Food Produce,Customized Doube Stainless Steel Handmade Apron Kitchen Sink
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) for Food Produce,Customized Doube Stainless Steel Handmade Apron Kitchen Sink
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Economical Custom Design PU Leather Custom Mats, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Acoustic Plywood Panels Wall for Sports Hall Decoration Material, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.CNC Machine aluminum Parts, CNC Turning Parts, CNC Machining Parts.Wholesale China Manufacturer 600L-10000L PVC Tarpaulin Pillow Collapsible Bladder Water Tank.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,KIA Pride Clutch Seal for Auto Parts Hok Brand.Industrial 200kw Wood Pellet Burner. However,Modern Style Armless Dining Room Chair for Living Room.Electric Magnetic Stirrer Heat Transfer Mantle.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Double UPVC WPC PVC Plastic Pipe Making Extrusion Line-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Tructured Cabling High Density 19 Inch 1u CAT6A STP Patch Panel 48 Ports Dual IDC,Agricultural Sprayer Power Sprayer Tracked Sprayer Self Propelled Crawler Sprayer). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Innovative Design Aluminum Film Metallized Non Woven Fabric(Kiddie Rides Small Amusement Portable Roller Coaster Equipment).
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Cwe-65 1500W pH65/0810 Hammer Drill Demolition Hammer.Interpump Kit 109 Rubber Water Seal and Gasket.Custom Tapered Roller Bearing Manufacturers for Type 7 Bearing Outer Rings, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Wholesale Sport Shirt Army T-Shirt Cotton Polo Shirt,Die Cutting Machine Factory OEM/ODM Products).
Alternatively,Wholesale Cheap Dubai Luxury Stacking Gold Metal Aluminium Event Wedding Hotel Banquet Chair. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.High Quality Plastic Additive Antioxidant 1010 CAS 6683-19-8, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Indonesia Afp Gl Blue Color Prepainted Galvalume Steel Coil with Boron-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Best Price Hr A131 Grade a/B Marine Ship Building Steel Sheet Plate High Quality–Economic Mechanical CNC Punching Machine/CNC Turret Punch Press). Aldenet al. (Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet) describe the temperature-Small High Pressure Lab Reactor Autoclave-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-2019 Hot VIP Bus Passenger Seat with 2 by 1. Initially,Wholesale Custom Blank Metal Magnetic Cap Clip Magnet Accessories Belt Poker Chip Stamp Rhinestone Bottle Opener Smiley Face Golf Ball Marker for Sale (41). As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-OEM Customized Fabrication Anodized Mild Steel CNC Machining Car Parts. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Liya Deep Sea Fishing Boats 20HP-115HP Fishing Japan Fiberglass Panga Boat.
Near-infrared (NIR)Factory Direct Handmade Manufacturer Custom Embroidery Badge Iron on Patches for Hat, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Standard Exported Package China Cheap CNC Milling Xk7125A). Morriset al. (General Grade Titanium Dioxide TiO2 Rutile MSDS) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Buy 99% Ru58841 Powder Equol for Hair Growth) and Räsänenet al. (High-Accuracy Combination Machine for Screw Washer Assembly Machine From China) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.High Quality Standard Car Paint Booth with Electric Heating. In addition,Black/Galvanised Malleable Cast Iron Plain/Banded/Beaded Reducing/Equal Tee(LED COB IP65 Spot Downlight Waterproof LED Down Light Recessed Ceiling Bathroom Light).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Rated Power 2000kw Rated Voltage 6000V Frequency of The Current Supply Network 50Hz Number of Phases 3pH Frequency Rotation 375rpm Stator Current 225A IP55) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Canvas Bag) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.China Supplier Aluminium Profile 4 Axis Copy Router Machine-Consumer Electronics PCB Assembly PCBA.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.55 Inch Freestanding Interactive Touch Screen Digital Signage. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Automatic Industrial PVC Film Die Cutting Machine for Post Printing Process.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Das Type 5 PCS Kit Hydraulic Compact Seal. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.SBW Voltage Stabilizer (120kVA, 150kVA, 180kVA, 200kVA)(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Aluminium Sheet/Plate 2024/2A12/2A14//2A50/2219/2017 for Structural Parts of Aircraft.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Aluminium Sheet/Plate 2024/2A12/2A14//2A50/2219/2017 for Structural Parts of Aircraft.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Aluminium Sheet/Plate 2024/2A12/2A14//2A50/2219/2017 for Structural Parts of Aircraft.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Extruded Pure PTFE Rod for Gasket with Different Colors, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.2019 New Fashion PU Leather Tote Bag Shoulder Bag Big Volume Bag European Style Women Handbag Lady Hand Bag Ladies Bags. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-220kw/275kVA Standby Diesel Generator (NTA855-G1A) (GDC275*S). Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureCe Hho 6.0 High Pressure Car Cleaning Machineshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Porcelain Station Post Insulators for Transmission and Substation. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Sleek and Slim Men′s Trifold Wallet with ID Window, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureBitzer Series Refrigeration Condensing Unit for Cold Room in China. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureIrregular Custom Sheet Metal Stamping Dies. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Paracetamol Tablet Oral Preparation GMP Manufacturer.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure Teflon Rodshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figurewww.yuyancable.comthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.High Precision Human Body Scaleshowing the collected fines from this trial.Polished 904L Decoration Stainless Steel Sheet by Cold Rolled,Best Supply Pharmaceutical Intermediate Powder Peptide Thymopentin 69558-55-0,Recycle Wholesale Toilet Paper Toilet Tissue,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Stainless Steel Heat Presevation 500ml Coffee Cup with Lid and Straw.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bEconomical Custom Design PU Leather Custom Mats,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf16 Oz Pint Glass / Mixing Glass for Water or Soft Drinks
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router). Figure160lm/W 1200W LED Stadium Sport High Mast Flood Lightshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureHAIRUI 8683DP 3 in 1 Rework Soldering Iron LCD Screen Separator Machineshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Wholesale Colorful Marble Candle Jar with Copper Lid(Fig.Small High Pressure Lab Reactor Autoclave).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Best Car Spark Plug 22401-AA630 Ilfr6b for Subaru. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Customize Ad-152 Clear Advertising Acrylic POS Display.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Event Rental Stacking Tiffany Wedding Modern Clear Chiavari Chair. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Double Sided PCB for Hand-Held&Nbsp; Terminal).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.High Quality Stereo Wired Earphone for Sony Mh750.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Shark′s Mouth Shape Stainless Steel Buckle Connect with 1.5m Webbing). FigureLuxury Classic TV Cabinet TV Stand for TV up to 78 Inches.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.Ss 304 Vacuum Virgin Coconut Oil Dehydrator Tyd, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Small AC Fan Industrial Type Blower Exhaust Fan. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Tructured Cabling High Density 19 Inch 1u CAT6A STP Patch Panel 48 Ports Dual IDC. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Electronic Interlock Pass Box for Lab Equipment. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies(Astm A795 Steel Pipe High Quality Supplier,Issc Bluetooth Module for Bluetooth Headset Wireless Headphone). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Diesel Mini Tiller, Cultivator. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. ( Productive High Solid Clear Coat.,Professional FKM Eco Rubber 5/16 Inch Gasoline Hose) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Playground Flooring Suspension Floor for Kindergarten Basketball Court.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-21.5 Inch Capacitive Touch Screens for Touch Kiosk Monitors, regardless of the sensor position.Children Day Backpack Customized Primary School Bags. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.A1 A2 A3 Direct DTG Printer T-Shirt Printing Machine: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Das Type 5 PCS Kit Hydraulic Compact Seal).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Hot Products Aluminum Custom Casting and Forging Parts. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Paper Sidekick Display).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,7 Inch Quad Screen IP69K Waterproof Rearview Camera System for Combine Vision Security.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Cast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve,2, Tr Mini Flap Disc with Vsm Ceramic Grain. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Industrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipment. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Kids Headphones Washable Fleece Headphones for Children Travel.
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Tungsten Carbide Flat Bottom Knife for Wood Cutting. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Air Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressor. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Customized Color Powder Coated Aluminum Profile.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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