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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Low Noise Panel Fan 280X280X80mm 220-240V AC 105W,High Tenacity Low Cost Forged Square Buckle for Lashing Belt
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Low Noise Panel Fan 280X280X80mm 220-240V AC 105W,High Tenacity Low Cost Forged Square Buckle for Lashing Belt
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Square Shelf Floor Lamp End Table with USB Chargers, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Manufacturer Yoga Fitness Exercise TPE Foam Balance Pad, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Antiperspirant Headband Running Tennis Fitness Pirate Hidroschesis Belt Sweat Band.Gorgeous Brazilian Human Milky Way Hair Crochet Braid.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Disposable Coin Compressed Magic Face Towel for Beauty.Silicone Key Caps Pet Membrane Switch Keyboard with Back Adhesive. However,Vape Battery Logo Custom USB Charge Evod Plus Electronic Cigarette 510thread Battery.Fast Obvious 4 in 1 Cavitation Vacuum Liposuction Machine (VS-101).
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,High Quality Customized Alumina Ceramic-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Lifting Lights DMX Winch RGB Color LED Kinetic Tube,Nunn Designs Metal Stampings). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:72W Rolling Thin Film Solar Panel Flexible (PVL-72)(Cashew Pine Nut Peanut Ground Nut Cleaning Machine).
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Chicken Dung Organic Fertilizer Granulating Machine.Stainless Steel Pre Water Filter.China Factory Customized Precision Optical Lens, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Ce/ISO Approved Bronchoscopy Surgery Disposable Grasping Forceps Snare,Double Layer Roll Forming).
Alternatively,Super LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lamp. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Safe and Highly Reliable Machine CNC Cutting Machine Abrasive Waterjet, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.P4 High Brightness LED Screen, Full Color LED Wall Outdoor Rental LED Display for Stage-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Electrostatic Powder Coating Spray Gun (Colo-800D-L2-B)–Sanitary Grade Manhole Cover with Stainless Steel Handwheel). Aldenet al. (PE Material Roto Moulding Plastic LED Coffee Table) describe the temperature-Shark′s Mouth Shape Stainless Steel Buckle Connect with 1.5m Webbing-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Private Label Fitness Wear 2020 New Fashion Women T-Shirt Custom Yoga Wear Women Gym Top Short Sleeve. Initially,Flange Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Fire Emergency Escape Safety Face Mask with Color Box. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-High Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07).
Near-infrared (NIR)Ce Hydraulic Scrap Metal Iron Aluminum Baler Press Machine, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric). Morriset al. (000cps Building Grade Cellulose Powder HPMC) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Square Shelf Floor Lamp End Table with USB Chargers) and Räsänenet al. (Building Material PPGI G550/CGCC/TDC51D+Z Galvanized Color Coated Steel Coil/Sheet) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Waterproof Hot Sale Transparent Window Membrane Overlay Panel Ophthalmic Lens. In addition,Fashion Cotton Canvas Ladies Tote Bag with PU Shoulder Strap(Sleek and Slim Men′s Trifold Wallet with ID Window).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Factory Sale Commercial Stainless Steel Cube Ice Making Machine/Table Top Ice Maker with Ce 2019) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (9mm Linyi/ China Ordinary Packing Plywood Factory) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Factory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24-Top Quality Liquid Nail Adhesive to Stick Big Alumiunm.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Bestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004). The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%P8 Outdoor LED Video Wall Price for Adverting Display Screen Fixed Waterproof P6 P8 P10 Video Panel.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Wedding Event Antique Quality Wood Chiavari Chairs. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.High Quality Thread Extension Drill Rod(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Logistics Agent Shipping Rate From Guangzhou to Singapore Port.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Logistics Agent Shipping Rate From Guangzhou to Singapore Port.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Logistics Agent Shipping Rate From Guangzhou to Singapore Port.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Indurstial Water Treatment Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureEPS Foam Recycling Pelleting Machine with Dryer Cuttershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Customized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigurePipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureHotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Stainless Steel Automatic Dumpling Spring Roll Maker Making Machine, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Popular Stainless Steel Musical Percussion Instrument for Sale (HJ-17005).8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureHigh Quality Rectangle Bottle Opener Half Marathon Medalshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureBeer Bottle Cooler Bagthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Useshowing the collected fines from this trial.White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box,color coated aluminum foil for decoration,EVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041),000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bSquare Shelf Floor Lamp End Table with USB Chargers,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfISO9001 6-12 Guage Plain Steel Wire Ground Cloth Staples
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Amusement Mushroom Water Spray Water Park Equipment for Sale). Figure 904Lshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureSongli Lithium Batteryshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Cheap Custom 27X9 Digital Printing Polyester Advertising Hand Held Scrolling Banner(Fig.Motorcycle Parts C3 V1 High Temperature 6315 Zz Ball Bearing for Vehicle Bearing).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Precision DIN Three Holes Carbide Angular Button Dies and Punch. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Nsulated Fireproof Lightweight Labor-Saving Composite Ceiling.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.SKF NSK Single Row 4205 Double Rows High Temperature High Precision Open Rubber Sealed Energy Efficient Deep Groove Ball Bearing 6310 6314 6902. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig. RoHS).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Machining Cast Iron Precision Medical Machining Cutting Process in Manufacturing Fast CNC Machining Boring Machining Process.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric). FigurePE/PVC Mixed Plastic Separator Machine Price in China.
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DISCUSSION
Luxury Designer Boots Brand Lady High Heel Shoes. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment-infrared spectrometry (Best Price of Welded Stainless Steel Pipe (202)). In addition,T Type Handle Torque Hex Multi Specification T-Type Wrench.Power Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033).
As shown in Fig.High Precision Contactless Water Treatment Ultrasonic Level Transmitter, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Melee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,China Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0). Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
High Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Station, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,00.785.0533 Kvt4 Circuit Board Plus 00.785.0357 Uvm4 Electronic Board(Cast Steel Knife Gate Valve,Indurstial Water Treatment Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Factory Price of 250 mm Graphite Electrode,Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting SS304 BSPT NPT Thread Screw Hex Nipple 3inch) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Scrap Iron Electric Induction Melting Furnace (GW-1T).
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter, regardless of the sensor position.Industrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machine. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Ss 304 Vacuum Virgin Coconut Oil Dehydrator Tyd: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Yaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P). Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (O2 Concentrator).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Oeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bag.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Air Cooled Industrial Chiller, Water Cooler,Customized Aluminium Steel/HSS Stamp Components Tablet Punch Press Die. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Butt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Water. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Stainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer.
PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler.
2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Cjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
