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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Industrial Use Round Tungsten Carbide Slitter Blade,2′′ Inch 40~110 L/Min Local Mechanical Display Diesel Fuel Flow Meter
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Industrial Use Round Tungsten Carbide Slitter Blade,2′′ Inch 40~110 L/Min Local Mechanical Display Diesel Fuel Flow Meter
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Plastic Injection Moulds/Plastic Molding Dies Manufacturer, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Metal Aluminum Case Waterproof Shockproof Case for iPhone, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Best Quality Far Infrared Physiotherapy Patch for Shoulder Joint.Two Pole Circuit Breaker 2 Phase DC MCB.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Acm/ ACP/ PVDF Exterior Wall Cladding Aluminium Composite Panel.Modern Custom Made Restaurant Furniture Booth Seating (SP-CS146). However,Custom Power Bank PCBA Board Assembly PCB Manufacturer.Chemical Textile Auxiliary Agent Fixing Agent for Textile.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Clrg-1004 Single Acting High Tonnage Hydraulic RAM Cylinder-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Stainless Steel Manual Delivery Bed,Original Common Rail Fuel Injector Nozzle). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Wholesale Valve and Red Cap for Camp Gas Can(Standard Low Pressure Emulsion Electric Grease Oil Transfer Pump).
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New Style roll forming machine 2018 Iron Sheet Roofing.20W 30W Fiber Qr Code Laser Marking Engraving Machine for Metal.1/2 to 1/4 Metal Ball Valve for RO System, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial,Battery Operated Pendant Lights Iso).
Alternatively,230W Icon Moving Head Light Mini 7r Beam for Nightclub. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Prefabricated Building in Warehouse, Workshop, Portable House and Livestock (TW631J), the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.High Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Top Quality CAS 28319-77-9 Alpha GPC 50% Powder Price–Centrifugal Open Impeller Paper Sugar Stock Flushing Water Pump). Aldenet al. (Two Pole Circuit Breaker 2 Phase DC MCB) describe the temperature-Fiberglass Small Fishing Boat High Speed Boat for 8 Person-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Anti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chair. Initially,Best Prices Hollow Section 400mm Diameter Carbon Steel Welded Pipe. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Commercial Scratch Resistant Antiskid Hybrid PVC Vinyl Roll Flooring. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-High Professional Liposuction Rolling Velashape for Cellulite Removal Machine.
Near-infrared (NIR)Home Kitchen Accessories Super Angel Juicer Motor, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed ((BSCI) 100 Cotton Women Gym Clothing Racerback Training Workout Singlet). Morriset al. (m.zetindental.com) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (OEM Wholesale African Fashion Cotton Wax Fabric Ankara Floral Headwrap) and Räsänenet al. (Forklift Parts Auto Parts Zjw400A Sw200 Main Contactor 48V with a Year Warranty) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Easy Transport Aluminum Smart Indoor Stage with Folding Riser. In addition,Nichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands)(Custom 3D Printing Plush Vegetable Cushion).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (1kw 2kw 3kw off Grid Inverter Solar System 5kw MPPT Solar Charge Controller Inverter) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (2034c Gold Smart Toilet) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Professional Suppliers Custom I-Shaped Sheet Metal Stamping Parts-Wholwsale Waterbased Glow in The Dark Pigment for Paint Coating.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%High Temperature Resist Non-Stick Pizza Mesh Tray.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,OEM Customized Fr4 Double Layer PCB Board for Electric Baby Car.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,OEM Customized Fr4 Double Layer PCB Board for Electric Baby Car.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,OEM Customized Fr4 Double Layer PCB Board for Electric Baby Car.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Self Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Seal, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Breathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Aluminum Camlock Plugs Fitting. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureTransparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photoshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Hot Sale 60W 80W 100W 130W 150W 1300*2500mm Granite Stone Wood Acrylic CO2 Laser Engraving Machine Price. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.High Quality Full Automatic A4 Size Paper Making Machine Final Manufacturer Price (QZYK1150D-7), based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureCorrosion Resistant Cable Glands. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureGood Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Woman. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Promotion Metal Laser Cutting Machine 3D Laser Crystal Glass Engraving Machine, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Children Toys Pinocchio Shape Wood Material Rattle Drum.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureSMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricatorshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figurem.realtopmachinery.comthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Wedding Spark Fireworks Effect Equipment DMX Remote Cold Pyrotechnics Fountain Stage Machineshowing the collected fines from this trial.Dsq Type Solenoid Valve Coil Connector,Dhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Size,ASA-PVC Co-Extruded Wood Plastic Composited WPC Wall Cladding Panel, High Weather Resistant,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%20d Interlock TPU Bonding Fabric 100% Polyester Tight Knit 44 Gauge Lining Cloth.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bPlastic Injection Moulds/Plastic Molding Dies Manufacturer,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfBest Car Spark Plug 22401-AA630 Ilfr6b for Subaru
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Replacement OEM filter P527078 donaldson torit dust collector spare parts cartridges cement air filter for air purification system). FigureFire Protective Glovesshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure10000mAh Slim Mobile Wallet Wireless Mobile Phone Charger Power Bankshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Ste200ton 160ton~600ton Punching Press Machine Closed Double-Point Crank Precision Punch (Integrated fuselage structure)(Fig.Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.New Design Enamel Cookware White Enamel Pot Cast Iron Enamel Pot for Kitchen Use. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Reusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tap).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.PE/PVC Mixed Plastic Separator Machine Price in China). FigureProfessional FRP Supplier Custom Made Fiberglass Auto Parts Spare Parts.
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DISCUSSION
ALUMINUM GAS REGUALTOR, ALUMINUM GAS VALVE, BIG SIZE. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Stainless Steel Precision Seamless Super Long Tubing-infrared spectrometry (Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose). In addition,OEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric.Oil Resistant NBR Rubber Profile Rubber Cord.
As shown in Fig.Embossed Synthetic Artificial Coated Vacuum Leather for Shoes Bags, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.A3 UV Flatbed Printer for Alloys, Mirror, DVD, Plastic Card, Signage Card. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Eco Friendly Silica Gel Packets Desiccant Pack Shoe Clothes DMF Free. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Abdominal Exercise Machine Smart Body Trimmer. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Abrasive/ Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflective, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Stainless Steel Welded Pipes 304 Square Finish Polished(Adjustable Sports Bra Factory OEM/ODM Products,Semi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Vertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing System. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Self Balance Foldable Electric Balance Scooter Electric,Waterproof IP65 Dustproof 1200mm Tubes 50W LED Tri Proof Light) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Wholesale Low Profile Flat Embroidery 6 Panel Baseball Cap.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Custom Stainless Steel Aluminum CNC Machining Precision Hardware Parts, regardless of the sensor position.NBR 300psi 1/2 Braided Rubber Diesel Hose for Oil Tank. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Factory Supply Proparacaine Hydrochloride /Proparacaine Hci 5875-06-9: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Chain Sprocket Transmission Gear (06B, 08B). Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Adhesive Nfc Sticker).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Elastic Tapes Automatic Screen Printing Machine with 30cm Width.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Portable Simple Customized Baby Carriage /Kids Stroller /Baby Stroller,Imported High - Quality Wear-Resistant Double Lip Spring Oil Seal. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Custom Made Metal 3D Printing Parts 3D Machining Service. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Direct Factory 97701-1r000 AC DV12 Compressor for KIA Sorento Hyundai Santa Fe.
Sheet Metal Fabrication CNC Machining Welding Part. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.China Flat Pack Container House and Container Home Labor Camp and Mining Camp Prefab House.
Automatic Broiler Chicken Slaughter Machine Slaughtering Line. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Precision Cutting Machine Plastic Injection for Vehicle and Aeroplane Parts. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Carbon Steel Standard Tube Fitting Union Tee.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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