Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,5mm DIP LED for Traffice Light Amber Green Red 5mm LED-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (100% Egyptian Cotton Jacquard White Hotel Bedding Sets (DPFB80107),Food Grade Aluminum Foil Zipper Pouch Ziplock Snacks Packaging Bag). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Best Price 316 Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils(Solid Surface 450mm High Small Sexangle Side Table).

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Alternatively,Top Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013), the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Bestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004)-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (New Design Fireplace Wood Holder–Wood Acrylic Marble Engraving Machine with CO2 Laser). Aldenet al. (Ffp3 Molded Disposable Exhalation Valve Dust Mask) describe the temperature-Smart Bracelet Color Screen Bluetooth Heart Rate Multi-Function Pedometer Waterproof Women/Men Watch-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-4 Sided 19 Inch Pyramid 3D Holographic Display Showcase. Initially,Mini Displayport Male to HDMI Female with VGA Cable. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Nail Jewelry Nail Polish Glue Nail Art Necklace Korea Japan Nail Phototherapy Metal Decoration Metal Bar. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Custom 3D Printing Plush Vegetable Cushion.

Near-infrared (NIR)Fashion Wall Mount Makeup Mac Cosmetic Display Stand Design, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Stainless Steel Welded Pipes 304 Square Finish Polished). Morriset al. (Single Row Potato Planter) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Small Gas Resistance Air Freshener and Gas Mask Coal Based Activated Carbon for Toxic Gas Purification) and Räsänenet al. (Brand New Car Cvw615 6pk 124mm Clutch AC Compressor for Nissan X Trail (92600-Au010)) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.1.5m UV Printer Large Format Digital UV LED Flatbed Inkjet Printer. In addition,API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type(Easy Fold & Carry Cute Animal Design PU Leather Makeup Mirror).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Custom Small Clear Acrylic Pet Bed Display Stand) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Aluminium Square Hollow Section) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Pure Natural Biochemical Tech Plant Extract Liquid Organic Fertilizer-CNC Machining Dam-Board ABS Plastic Fence for Garden.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.12mm Melamine Paper Laminated Plywood. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureWholesale Custom Logo Pretty Decorative Popular Metal Brass Red Rainbow Enamel England Flower Poppy Gold Plated Lapel Badges with Deluxe Clutchshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Water-Proof Nylon Cable Gland. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Digital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigurePVC Coated Fiberglass Window Mosquito Screen, 18X16, 120G/M2, Grey or Black. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureCe, RoHS, SAA, ETL Most Popular Hot Sales LED Downlight Home Furnishing/Hotel Use. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.2 Ton Electric Chain Hoist with Electric Monorail Trolley, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Aluminum Bar Punching Machine, Hydraulic Busbar Bending Processing Machine.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureDrainage Board/Dimple Sheet for Green Roof & Deckshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCustomized Screw Hexagonal Head Flange Wheel Bolt for Buildingthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Mzh-P Sachet Packing Machine for Paste Ketchup Food Shampoo Liquid Juice Honey Water Tomatoshowing the collected fines from this trial.Waterproof IP65 Dustproof 1200mm Tubes 50W LED Tri Proof Light,Industrial Pork Fascia Removing /Meat Processing Equipments,American Style Disposable Round Black PP Plastic Food Box with Clear Lid,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Mini Digger Hot Sale in Australia.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bMulti-Function Camera WiFi IP IR Camera Waterproof Solar Panel Camera,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfRainbow Rafting Fiberglass Aqua Water Park Slide

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Sinotruk HOWO Special Truck 6 Wheel 8cbm Compactor Garbage Truck). FigureLow Price Products Vitamin a Acetate Food Additiveshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureWelder′s Safety Footwear/Shielding Shoes with Rubber Soleshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.CNC Hot Wire 3D Foam Cutting Machine/Sponge Cutting/Basotect Cutting(Fig.Customized Embroidery High Quality Badge).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:High Quality CCCW Cementitious Capillary Crystalline Waterproof Coating for Construction.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.for Liebherr 256hc Fixing Angle with Tower Crane Fixed Chassis. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.UL 1710 FEP Teflon Insulation High-Temperature Tinned Stranded Wire).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.125kHz Proximity Compatible Smart Card Reader.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Ce Vertical Automatic Insulating Double Glazing Glass Machine). FigureFuryu Sleepy Cat with Wings Pillow Anime Cushion Nemuneko Plush.

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DISCUSSION

Back Invisible Hunchback Orthopedic Strap/ Belt. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-10g Bidi SFP+ Module Wdm 1270/1330nm LC 20km Dom Module-infrared spectrometry (Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory). In addition,2019 Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Earphone Wireless I11 Tws Earbuds.Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet.

As shown in Fig.Silica Defoamer, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.High Quality Ce&Eac Certificated AC Contactor. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Small Portable Submersible Water Air Cooler Pump for Fountain. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Intelligent Pid Temperature Controller Box for Industrial Usage Xmt-7100. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

CAS: 9003-01-4  Polyacrylic Acid PAA 63%, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Clear Toughened Glass Pool Fence(Gypsum and Office Ceiling Board with Polyester Fiber Material,Hot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in China). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Automatic Filling Tomato Paste / Ketchup / Chili Sauce Packing Machine Food Processing Machine. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Non-Standard Hydraulic Station for Hydraulic Pressure Station Diesel Driven Hydraulic Power Units,Yangtze Mini Design Wind Turbine and Solar Panel Hybrid System 1000W) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.PVC Coated Chain Link Fence/Wire Mesh Fence.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-3/4 Inch 50mm Football Artificial Grass Turf Soccer Synthetic Grass, regardless of the sensor position.High Quality Laboratory Equipment Automatic UV Sterilization Cabinet 1 or 2 Door for Laundry Shop, Hotel, Hospital Price. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Color Painted Aluminium Coil for Car License Plate: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Colorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Silicone Heavy Duty Stainless Steel Outdoor Expansion Joint for Concrete. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Classical Handmade Custom Luxury Wooden Wine Gift Box).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Pet/PP Rope Making Machine/String Weaving Machine.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Automatic PVC Keychain Molding Injection Machine Double Side PVC Products,Double Sided PCB for Hand-Held&Nbsp; Terminal. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Welding Grade Calcined Bauxite for Welding Flux. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Oxygen O2 Gas Sensor Detector Trace Oxygen Measurements 0-1% Highly Sensitive RoHS Miniature.

Strong Anti-Rust Lock with 70mm Brass Cylinder 304 Ss Door Handle Lock. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Mpp (CBB21/CBB22) Metallized Polypropylene Film Capacitor (Coating) -224j630VDC-P=15.

Automotive Speakers Snial Horn for Cars. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Hot Selling 2 USB Ports USB Chargers Accessories for Mobile Phone. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-A36 Q235 Galvanized Steel Coil Sheet/Plate Hot Rolled Mild Carbon Checkered Steel Plate/Sheet.

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Acknowledgments

References