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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,2, Tr Mini Flap Disc with Vsm Ceramic Grain,Industrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipment
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,2, Tr Mini Flap Disc with Vsm Ceramic Grain,Industrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipment
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Kids Headphones Washable Fleece Headphones for Children Travel, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,High End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Board, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Creative Mini Portable Polar Bear Shape Mute Desktop Air Humidifier.Tungsten Carbide Flat Bottom Knife for Wood Cutting.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Air Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressor.G-800A/800b/1080A Automatic Box Window Film Sticking Machine. However,Colorful Cotton Floss Thread for Cross Stitch.Customized Color Powder Coated Aluminum Profile.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Durable EPDM Lining Fire Hose with Storz Coupling-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Food Grade Tannic Acid with Best Price 70% 80% 99%,Baby Bath Towel Suppliers for Sale). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Investment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbow(Extruded Pure PTFE Rod for Gasket with Different Colors).
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Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking, Vehicle Tracking. Asset Tracking.PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light.Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Orthopedic Plates and Screws 7.3mm Cannulated Screw with Long Thread,4 Cup Beverage Carrier Paper Cup Carrier).
Alternatively,Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Custom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Wholesale Fashionable Smooth Star Cosmetic Liquid Eyeliner–3.0mm PP Raschel Trailer Net). Aldenet al. (45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank) describe the temperature-Witson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Pet Accessories Pet Collar Triangular Bandage Small Pet Neck Collar. Initially,Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Rubber Dic Return Roller.
Near-infrared (NIR)Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (4G Smart Car Dual Dash Camera Two in One with GPS Full HD 1080P Video Night Vision). Morriset al. (Sleeping Pajamas) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (China Textile 133*72 Density 80% Polyester 20% Cotton Lining Fabric) and Räsänenet al. (Semi-Auto Blowing Machine for Pet Bottles Molding Production) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Custom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torch. In addition,Hot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocks(Quarry Scalping Rock Sieving Screen Mesh).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Large Capacity Ball Grinding Mill for Stone Grinding Machine) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (3 Axle Fly Ash/Cement/Lime/Grain/Farina Powder Material Transport Tank/Tanker Semi Trailer) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair-CNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cutting.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Blue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toys. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Blue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toys. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819). The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-World Flag Mini Car Flags. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure200 Ton H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine for Solid Forklift Tyreshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureAutomatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureGood Quality Lift Door Slider. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Non-Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Pure Ha Meso Injectable Mesotherapy Solution, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.with Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure Motorbike Fast Food Delivery Boxshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure7-Step Dry Polishing Pad Diamond Tools for Granite/Marble/Concretethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Popular Model Pistol Grip 13PCS 1/2 Air Impact Wrench Car Tool Setshowing the collected fines from this trial.UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA,Shuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap,Stainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Portable Shelving Luggage Insert Rise Gear Organizers Travel Bag.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bKids Headphones Washable Fleece Headphones for Children Travel,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfProgressive Stamping Tool for Motor Rotor Stator
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve). FigureInsect Resistant PVC Curtain for Kitchen Roomshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigurePackaging Bottle For Creamshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Ceiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane(Fig.Fan Coil Filters).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.New Free Design Inflatable Stand up Paddle Board Isup Surfboard. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Aluminum T6 LED Flashlight with Belt Cutter. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig. CNC Turning Parts).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Wooden Student Chair Library Reading Chair). Figure100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll.
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DISCUSSION
China Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lock. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-for Liebherr 256hc Fixing Angle with Tower Crane Fixed Chassis-infrared spectrometry (Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Solar Power System 5000W for Home). In addition,Focusun Brine Water Block Ice Machine with Container3 Tons.Galvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet for Steel Structure.
As shown in Fig.Retro Metal Ice Chest Cooler Box Portable Cold Box for Outdoor, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Top Quality Lactose CAS 63-42-3 with Factory Price. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Portable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine(8 People Luruxy Modern Glass Dining Room Stainless Steel Frame Dining Table in Home Hotel Furniture, Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surface). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
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The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Natural Isoliquiritigenin Licorice Roots Extract, regardless of the sensor position.Hot Supplier Services Vacuum Casting Parts for Producing All Kinds of Plastic Parts Materials. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Heat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Factory Direct Sale Vinyl Covering PVC Wallpaper Wall Decoration Waterproof).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.CNC Professional High Speed Precision Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Ipg Laser Source for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Slim Shaper).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,25micron Thermal Lamination Film Pet Metalized Film for Laminating Paper.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Large Round Shape Cookie Popcorn Handle Tin Bucket with Lid, Ice Tin Box,Wholesales Indoor LED Lighting COB Recessed Aluminum 6W IP44 Down Light. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Wholesale Water Resistant Quartz a Set Bracelet Alloy Watch (cm19006). With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-OEM/ODM Factory JIS-10K Cast Iron Ball Valve.
200 Ton H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine for Solid Forklift Tyre. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Stainless Steel Strip Coil Ultra-Thin Foil Thickness 0.005mm Min.
Cjtouch 21.5 Waterproof Infrared IR Touch Screen Overlay. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,DJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Event. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Standard Exported Package China Cheap CNC Milling Xk7125A.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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