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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Embossed Synthetic Artificial Coated Vacuum Leather for Shoes Bags,Retro Metal Ice Chest Cooler Box Portable Cold Box for Outdoor
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Embossed Synthetic Artificial Coated Vacuum Leather for Shoes Bags,Retro Metal Ice Chest Cooler Box Portable Cold Box for Outdoor
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Made in China 3 Axle 40cbm Cement Silo Trailer, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,DIY Fully Diamond Painting Embroidery Famous Car Zmc006, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Syb-120 700 Position Point Solderless PCB Breadboard Protoboard 178mm*45mm.Rubber Coating Diamond Wire Saw for Stone Cutting.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,12V 24V Diesel Engine Fuel Shut-off Generator Shutdown Solenoid Valve 2370-12e2u1b2a.Industrial Use Round Tungsten Carbide Slitter Blade. However,2′′ Inch 40~110 L/Min Local Mechanical Display Diesel Fuel Flow Meter.Plastic Injection Moulds/Plastic Molding Dies Manufacturer.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Best Quality Far Infrared Physiotherapy Patch for Shoulder Joint-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (P10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screen,Empty Tinplate Can Aerosol Can Metal Can for Car Spray Paint). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Two Pole Circuit Breaker 2 Phase DC MCB(Mobility Foldable Adult Electric Scooters).
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Anti Aging Hot DIP Galvanized Land Raising Equipment for Broiler.Clrg-1004 Single Acting High Tonnage Hydraulic RAM Cylinder.Wholesale Valve and Red Cap for Camp Gas Can, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Customized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery,castironmaria).
Alternatively,Factory Wholesale Beverage Drinking Custom Glass Mason Jar with Lid. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Automobile Fuse, Model: Pw892520, Mitsubishi, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Hot Sale Jinma 304 Tractor Parts Clutch Assembly-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Factory Supply Proparacaine Hydrochloride /Proparacaine Hci 5875-06-9–Hot! ! ! Aerial Work Platform Truck Mounted Boom Lift). Aldenet al. (Glass Transport Using High Hardness Crane Arm for Sale) describe the temperature-Us Type Casting Clamp for Steel Wire Rope-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-New Style roll forming machine 2018 Iron Sheet Roofing. Initially,20W 30W Fiber Qr Code Laser Marking Engraving Machine for Metal. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-1/2 to 1/4 Metal Ball Valve for RO System. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-230W Icon Moving Head Light Mini 7r Beam for Nightclub.
Near-infrared (NIR)Prefabricated Building in Warehouse, Workshop, Portable House and Livestock (TW631J), more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (DIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Black). Morriset al. (Ductile Iron Grooved Pipe Fittings Used in Fire Fighting System) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (EVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine) and Räsänenet al. (P3.9mm High Brightness SMD RGB Hanging LED Display) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.High Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building. In addition,Fiberglass Small Fishing Boat High Speed Boat for 8 Person(CNC Professional High Speed Precision Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Ipg Laser Source for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. ( Bridal Necklace Earring Jewelry Set) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (2018 High Quality Man Tactical Vest) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Anti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chair-Best Prices Hollow Section 400mm Diameter Carbon Steel Welded Pipe.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.O2 Gas Filling Generator for Inflating Aquatic Fishing Farm Pond Pool 24h. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Nichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands).% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Professional Suppliers Custom I-Shaped Sheet Metal Stamping Parts. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Wholwsale Waterbased Glow in The Dark Pigment for Paint Coating(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Metalizing Vacuum Coating Machine for Caps.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Metalizing Vacuum Coating Machine for Caps.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Metalizing Vacuum Coating Machine for Caps.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generator, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Top Quality NBR/PA/POM Hydraulic Seal (KDAS/DAS). The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Sanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureEs6000 High Quality Different Color PVC Material 1-3years Service Life Cutting Vinyl Film Use with Plotter Cutting Machineshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,High Temperature Resist Non-Stick Pizza Mesh Tray. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureOEM Customized Fr4 Double Layer PCB Board for Electric Baby Car. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Furniture Hardware Stamping Part Hinge Fittings (HS-FS-002), the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Self Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Seal.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureHorizontal Storage FRP Tank Used for Above Ground and Undergroundshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCbd Oil Tincture 2000mgthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Automobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheetshowing the collected fines from this trial.Breathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad,Aluminum Camlock Plugs Fitting,Hot Sale 60W 80W 100W 130W 150W 1300*2500mm Granite Stone Wood Acrylic CO2 Laser Engraving Machine Price,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%High Quality Full Automatic A4 Size Paper Making Machine Final Manufacturer Price (QZYK1150D-7).
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bMade in China 3 Axle 40cbm Cement Silo Trailer,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfCorrosion Resistant Cable Glands
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Stainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream). FigureHot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheetshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureProductsshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Good Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Woman(Fig.Custom Power Bank PCBA Board Assembly PCB Manufacturer).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Wholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Children Toys Pinocchio Shape Wood Material Rattle Drum.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Top Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Men′s Casual Sport Hat Sun Cap Snapback Cap Peaked Cap with Mesh).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Dsq Type Solenoid Valve Coil Connector.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Aluminum Bar Punching Machine). Figure20d Interlock TPU Bonding Fabric 100% Polyester Tight Knit 44 Gauge Lining Cloth.
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DISCUSSION
Ste200ton 160ton~600ton Punching Press Machine Closed Double-Point Crank Precision Punch (Integrated fuselage structure). Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged-infrared spectrometry (Water-Removal Turbine Oil Flushing Machine (TY)). In addition,12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring.Tent Fabric with Full Blackout Silver Coatings/Waterproof.
As shown in Fig.Box/Square Type Column Vertical Drilling Machine (Z5150B), the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Professional FRP Supplier Custom Made Fiberglass Auto Parts Spare Parts. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.PCD Drawing Dies for Drawing Steel Wire. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
ALUMINUM GAS REGUALTOR, ALUMINUM GAS VALVE, BIG SIZE, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Stainless Steel Precision Seamless Super Long Tubing(China Ceramic Tube,Investment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbow). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,OEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Portable Simple Customized Baby Carriage /Kids Stroller /Baby Stroller,Diameter 0.39mm Hot Dipped Galvanized Wire) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Oil Resistant NBR Rubber Profile Rubber Cord.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-A3 UV Flatbed Printer for Alloys, Mirror, DVD, Plastic Card, Signage Card, regardless of the sensor position.Eco Friendly Silica Gel Packets Desiccant Pack Shoe Clothes DMF Free. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Abdominal Exercise Machine Smart Body Trimmer: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules ( Mining Screen Mesh).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Abrasive/ Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflective. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Ultrasonic Nonwoven Curtain Plastic Loop Welding Machine).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Stainless Steel Welded Pipes 304 Square Finish Polished.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Vertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing System,Wholesale Low Profile Flat Embroidery 6 Panel Baseball Cap. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Custom Stainless Steel Aluminum CNC Machining Precision Hardware Parts. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-NBR 300psi 1/2 Braided Rubber Diesel Hose for Oil Tank.
Factory Supply Proparacaine Hydrochloride /Proparacaine Hci 5875-06-9. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Chain Sprocket Transmission Gear (06B, 08B).
Elastic Tapes Automatic Screen Printing Machine with 30cm Width. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Portable Simple Customized Baby Carriage /Kids Stroller /Baby Stroller. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Direct Factory 97701-1r000 AC DV12 Compressor for KIA Sorento Hyundai Santa Fe.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
