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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use,Multifunctional Electric Hydraulic Endoscopic Surgical Operating Table
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use,Multifunctional Electric Hydraulic Endoscopic Surgical Operating Table
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,High Quality Ball Stopper Plunger with Spring for Pump, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Cheap Construction Building Materials Color Coated PPGI Ral 9013, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Industrial Water Treatment Mesh Screen Automatic Suction Filter.Shengdong 500kw Natural Gas Geerator Parts Spark Plug Mot-807bex15. Pct23.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Export China Compeittive Price 99% Caustic Soda Flakes.Grey Cast Iron Drainage Pipe. However,(R) -1-[3, 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2.Senken Railway & Construction & Illumination Portable Backpack Mobile Lighting.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Personalized Design Fake Gold Metal Force Guard Medal-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Era UPVC/PVC/Plastic/Pressure Pipe Fitting Thread Plug Schedule/Sch 40 (ASTM D2466) NSF-Pw & Upc,Metal Hose/Stainless Steel Hosethreaded Fitting Swivel with Sealing with Internal Thread). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:School Uniform Trousers Boys Sports Trousers Boy Half Pant(Ce/ISO Approved Bronchoscopy Surgery Disposable Grasping Forceps Snare).
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Alternatively,Hl-1530-12 Double Presser Foot Top and Bottom Feed Leather Zigzag Sewing Machine. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.PVC /PE /Di Pipe Quick Flange Adaptor, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Cleaning Reusable Tobacco Cigarette Filter Reduce Tar Holder-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric–Square Shelf Floor Lamp End Table with USB Chargers). Aldenet al. (Building Material PPGI G550/CGCC/TDC51D+Z Galvanized Color Coated Steel Coil/Sheet) describe the temperature-94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluid-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-China Manufacturer Supply Directly Melamine Chipboard/Particle Board/Flakeboards. Initially,100usrt Stainless Steel Chiller / Food Industry Used Chiller. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Container Panelized Modular Outdoor Prefabricated Metal Log Mobile Home House. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-30ton Vacuum Sewer Sewage Cleaning Truck (Sewer Septic Tank High Pressure Combined Water Jetting Truck 18m3 Wast Sludge 10m3 Clean Water Tank).
Near-infrared (NIR)Custom Premium Running Embroidery Logo Lightweight Various Colors Extended Size Absorb Sweat No-Slip Twill Terry Cotton Towel Stripes Headband for Athletic, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Sleek and Slim Men′s Trifold Wallet with ID Window). Morriset al. (OEM Plastic Products for Vacuum Cleaner Sweeper Spare Parts Plastic Injection Moulding) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Factory Sale Commercial Stainless Steel Cube Ice Making Machine/Table Top Ice Maker with Ce 2019) and Räsänenet al. (Bestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004)) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Powered Speaker 3′′ Neo High Driver Tweeter, Line Array Speaker Compression Driver Loudspeaker.. In addition,Custom Extrusion Door Seal with Competitive Price(Mf25 Type Inductive Switch Detection Distance 5mm Rectangular Proximity Sensor).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (EPS Foam Recycling Pelleting Machine with Dryer Cutter) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Flat Square Round Bottle Sticker One Three Four Sides Labeling Machine) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.High Quality Galvanized Trailer Mounting Coupler Towing Hitch Ball Coupler-CNC Tool Holder Lathe Ball External Turning Tool.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.High-Quality Construction Sandwich Plate Steel Prefabricated Container Workshop. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%90ml Modern Clear Glass Perfume Botle Cosmetic Packing Bottle.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Piston Hand-Held Rock Splitter Equipment. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Electricity Strain Composite Silicone Suspension Rod Insulator(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Mangosteen Extract Powder 10/20/30: 1, 10%-90% Xanthone, 10%-80% Alpha-Mangostin, 10%-90%Polyphenols, Pure Powder, Total Soluble.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Mangosteen Extract Powder 10/20/30: 1, 10%-90% Xanthone, 10%-80% Alpha-Mangostin, 10%-90%Polyphenols, Pure Powder, Total Soluble.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Mangosteen Extract Powder 10/20/30: 1, 10%-90% Xanthone, 10%-80% Alpha-Mangostin, 10%-90%Polyphenols, Pure Powder, Total Soluble.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Durable Primary School Wooden Student Desk and Plastic Chair (SF-22S), frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Walk in Style Chamber Temperature (humidity) Test Chamber. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Tell World China Supply Square 8 Seat Restaurant Dining Table. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureStainless Steel Automatic Dumpling Spring Roll Maker Making Machineshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Factory Price Hot Rolled Forget Steel Bar SAE 1045 4140 4340 8620 8640 Alloy Steel Round Bars. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Custom Screw, Shoulder Bolt, Double Head Threaded Screw, Drive Bolt, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figurefor RGB LED Strip DC12V/24V LED Strip Controller RGB Amplifier. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureUL Certificate LED Bathroom Wall Mirror with Touch Switch. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.10-100mm RoHS VW-1 Heat Shrink Tube Forpower Insulation.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureAmusement Mushroom Water Spray Water Park Equipment for Saleshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureYohimbine Hydrochloride/Yohimbine HCl CAS 65-19-0then compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig. 904Lshowing the collected fines from this trial.Aluminum Chain Winder Awning Windows with Double Glass Design,Mobility Foldable Adult Electric Scooters,Oil Resisitance Rubber Packer for Oilfield and Sour Gas Applications,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Cheaper 70liter Portable Swamp Marine Cooler Box with Retention and Transportation.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHigh Quality Ball Stopper Plunger with Spring for Pump,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf4G Smart Car Dual Dash Camera Two in One with GPS Full HD 1080P Video Night Vision
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Welding Grade Calcined Bauxite for Welding Flux). FigureUnionpromo Custom PU Foam Fish Design Stress Reliver Toyshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureUV Protection Steel Beach Umbrella with Tilt Made by Nylonshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.M24 Non-Flush Mounting Proximity Sensor PNP NPN with Detection Distance 10mm(Fig.Precision DIN Three Holes Carbide Angular Button Dies and Punch).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Welding Sealing Double-Color Gas Cutting Flexible Air Hose for Cars. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Qt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGS.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Factory Wholesale Beverage Drinking Custom Glass Mason Jar with Lid. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Factory Price Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Electrical Cable Conduit.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.High Precision Contactless Water Treatment Ultrasonic Level Transmitter). Figure99% Sodium Gluconate Used in Concrete as Retarder Agent Water Reducing Admixture Steel Surface Cleaning Additives.
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DISCUSSION
Diamond Stone Cutting Blade Circular Saw Blades for Concrete. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Yellow Color Pipe Heat Insulation Roll Aluminum Foil Glass Wool-infrared spectrometry (Factory Price of 250 mm Graphite Electrode). In addition,High Quality Restaurant Wooden Dining Room Chair with Leather Seat.Drop Forged One Way Load Buckle.
As shown in Fig.Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting SS304 BSPT NPT Thread Screw Hex Nipple 3inch, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Good Quality Polycarbonate (PC) Plastic Board. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Warehouse Workshop Steel Structure Chicken House. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Tungsten Carbide Corner Radius 55HRC End Mill. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Best Price of Welded Stainless Steel Pipe (202), the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Professional Factory Ayater Supply Air Filter Cartridge Industrial P191107(OEM Customized Stainless Steel Metal Paper Clip Spring Clip,4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Diamond Glass Plate Dessert Plate Vegetable and Fruit Salad Plate. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Acm/ ACP/ PVDF Exterior Wall Cladding Aluminium Composite Panel,Warehouse Workshop Steel Structure Chicken House) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Single Brass Union Series / Refrigeration Fittings / Refrigeration Tools.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Lt8003u/Lt8005u High Performance UV Laser Marking Printer, regardless of the sensor position.Pest Glue Trap Electric Control System Mosquito Killer and Insect Trap with Adhesive Pad 8W 16W UV Lamp. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.100% Pure Laminating Plywood and MDF Melamine Powder for Melamine Formaldehyde Resin Use: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (059 Factory Bimetal Thermometer).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Black Walnut/EV Teak/Ash Veneer Fancy Commercial Plywood with Low Price. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (200/325mesh Fused Silica Powder for Epoxy Molding Compound).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,2018 Hot Sale Good Quality Sponge Iron Supplier Best.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Rectangular Air Pipe Sheet Pneumatic Duct Bending Machine for Sale,Professional Plastic Injection Molding/Mold Plastic Part Manufacturer in China. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Fiberglass Fishing Cabin Boats for Sale. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Cold Rolled Stainless Steel 304 Tubes Hollow Pipe.
Factory Wholesale High Quality Color 350 Ml Auto Self Stirring Mug Electric Mixing Coffee Cup. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.059 Factory Bimetal Thermometer.
Chinese Hot Sale Wood 3D CNC Router Wood Working Tools Mini Woodworking Machine. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Ce Approved Warehouse Storage Heavy Duty Steel Stacking Pallet Rack. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Square Shelf Floor Lamp End Table with USB Chargers.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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