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AAPS PharmSciTech. 2010 Dec; 11(4): 1612–1618.
Published online 2010 Nov 9.doi:304 Stainless Steel Strip

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Abstract

Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,New 4mm/5mm/6mm/8mm/10mm/12mm/15mm/19mm Safety/Toughened Curved Glass, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Colorful BPA Free PP Shaker Bottle, Mini Plastic Protein Water Bottle (HDP-0331), frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Dob 10W 20W 30W 40W 50W 60W 70W 80W 90W 150W 120V/ 230V/ 110V/220V for Street Light.2-8line Facial Tissue Paper Converting Machine.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,500ml Gift Set Corkcicle Bottle with Two Wine Tumbler.Building Materials Construction Mortar & Admixtues Rdp Latex Powders. However,2019 Security Work Uniform with Printing Police Polo Shirt.High Quality Power Generator Europe Type 30A Plug Spare Parts.

Key words:acoustic monitoring,Stainless Steel Automatic Dumpling Spring Roll Maker Making Machine, granules, pharmaceuticals, vibration monitoring

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,100% Polyester Satin Ribbon Custom Logo for Printing in Roll Rainbow Satin Ribbon Manufacture-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (New Style roll forming machine 2018 Iron Sheet Roofing,Car Body Plate Mould/Blanking Die). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Automatic Fire Extinguisher Filling Machine/Fire Extinguisher Refill Machine(for RGB LED Strip DC12V/24V LED Strip Controller RGB Amplifier).

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Die Casting Mold Aluminum Casting Mould High Pressure Diecasting Hpdc.Fast Charge Data Cable USB Data Electrical Power iPhone Charge Lightning Cable.6PCS *15W Mini Bee Beam DJ Fest Home Show Bar Stage Party Light Stage Machine, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Dust Remove Solution Induction Furnace Dust Collector Intermediate Frequency Induction Furnace,1714 For Sale - Hydraulic Cylinder).

Alternatively,Rotary Kiln Calcined Bauxite 3-5mm for Refractory Industry. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.100W LED Outdoor Solar Street Light Price List, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Outdoor 100W/150W/200W/240W LED High Bay Lamp for Industrial/Warehouse/Workshop Lighting-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Wholesale Custom Blank Metal Magnetic Cap Clip Magnet Accessories Belt Poker Chip Stamp Rhinestone Bottle Opener Smiley Face Golf Ball Marker for Sale (41)PVC Foam Sheets for Composite Sandwich Constructions). Aldenet al. (Big Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap) describe the temperature-China Manufacturer Prefab Large Span Steel Structure Stadium with Good Price-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Horizontal Storage FRP Tank Used for Above Ground and Underground. Initially,Spray Dryer Price for Mini Small Lab. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Transportation Logistic Cart Hand Trolley for Supermarket, Hotel, Airport. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Cast Steel Ladle High Efficiency Casting Machine Ladle for Melting.

Near-infrared (NIR)Hot! ! ! Aerial Work Platform Truck Mounted Boom Lift, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (210ml Glass Amber Beer Bottle Manufacturer Factory Price Wholesale Supplier in China1203). Morriset al. (Horizontal Biscuit Cookies Bread Cake Sachet Flow Packing Wrapping Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Heavy Duty Protection Dual Layer TPU&PC Hybrid Case Cover with Card Holder&Magnet Metal Plate for iPhone 7/iPhone 8) and Räsänenet al. (Good Performance Vertical Veneer Dryer Machine for Core Veneer) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Plastic Laundry Detergent HDPE PP Bottle Blow Molding Machine. In addition,SKF NSK Single Row 4205 Double Rows High Temperature High Precision Open Rubber Sealed Energy Efficient Deep Groove Ball Bearing 6310 6314 6902(Woodworking Tool/ Surface Planer/Single Side).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Fan Assisted Cooling Single Door Beverage Display Chiller) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (www.fessiecookware.com) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.for Building HVAC System PIR/PUR Foam Air Duct Panel-Gitia Eco- Friendly Environmental Waterproof Fireproof Indoor Click Spc Vinyl Flooring.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Hot Sale Tire Inflator Digital Tire Pressure Sensor for All Tires. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Easy Fold & Carry Cute Animal Design PU Leather Makeup Mirror.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.

The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.

Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.

Sampling

Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Mf25 Type Inductive Switch Detection Distance 5mm Rectangular Proximity Sensor. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.

Data Acquisition

Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Orange Juice Film Wrapping Packing Machine Line with Wholesale Price(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,P3.9mm High Brightness SMD RGB Hanging LED Display.

Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,P3.9mm High Brightness SMD RGB Hanging LED Display.

Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,P3.9mm High Brightness SMD RGB Hanging LED Display.

Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.

Data Analysis

All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Wholesale Construction Hand Tools, Brick Trowels / Plastering Trowels, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.

Entrainment Experiments

Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.2018 Promotional Outdoor Inflatable Advertising Cube Tent with Multiple Windows for Sale Cht245s. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-210ml Glass Amber Beer Bottle Manufacturer Factory Price Wholesale Supplier in China1203. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.

RESULTS

FigureTitanium Black Color Stainless Steel Sheet for Constructionshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Graphite Mould for Diamond Wire Saw Segment Sintering. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Automotive Masking Tape Jumbo Roll High Temperature Resistant, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureSupply Terbinafine HCl CAS. 78628-80-5 Terbinafine Hydrochloride Powder High Quality. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigurePg56zy58 24V DC Gear Motor with Brake and Encoder. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.201 304 Inox Tube Stainless Steel Pipe and Tube Mirror Polished, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.2019 Curved Round Office Sofa School Sofa Seating.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureHigh Speed Steel Saw Blade for Woodshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureI7 Tws Twins Wireless Bluetooth Earphonethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Portable Patio Party Bar Drink Cooler Cartshowing the collected fines from this trial.Pharmaceutical 0.22um 2.5 PTFE Capsule Filter Alternative,Hot Sale Sequin Notebook with Lock,Industrial Commercial Dried Cocoa Beans Corn Dryer Food Drying Machine,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Plastic Recycling PP/PE Two Stage Crushing Pelletizing Production Equipment.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bNew 4mm/5mm/6mm/8mm/10mm/12mm/15mm/19mm Safety/Toughened Curved Glass,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHOWO Truck Parts Az9731520021 Front Spring Front Bracket

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.SMT Pick and Place Machine LED Mounter PCB SMT Board). FigureSponge Contour Cutting Machine for Furniture Industryshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureStainless Steel 316 Oval Eye Plate with Ringshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Manufacture Direct Carbonless NCR Cash Register Paper Rolls(Fig.Qt4-22b Color Paver Brick Making Machine Brick Machine Price in India).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.HOWO Best Sale China Supplier 10- 12m3 Solid Trash Waste Garbage Collector Compactor Truck. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:New Product Dry Herb Vaporizer Pen Black Widow From China Supplier.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.China Waste Pet Bottle Baling Press Equipment with Ce Certificate. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Moist-Proof Vanitory Furniture Bathroom Cabinet).

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Ce Sodium Hyaluronate Knee Injections Intra-Articular Injections.

API 5CT J55 Seamless Steel Pipe,American Standard Outdoor Restaurant Furniture Metal Stainless Steel Navy Wedding Dining Chair. FigureHigh Low Temp (Humidity) Environmental Test Chamber, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Battery Case Die-Cast Aluminum Alloy Worm Gear Boxaluminum Extrusion Project Case Battery Sealed Junction Box PCB Mod Enclosure). Figure130lm/W Tunnel Building Security Basketball Padel Tennis Sport Court Stadium Projector Outdoor Spotlight 100W LED Tunnel Lights.

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DISCUSSION

SDIC Effervescent Chlorine 2.7g Tablets 1kg/Jar. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Saw Blade for Harvester Machine-infrared spectrometry (Eco Friendly Silica Gel Packets Desiccant Pack Shoe Clothes DMF Free). In addition,PTFE/Teflon Moulded Skived Sheet, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick.Veterinary Esu Unit/Diathermy Machine Veterinary Electrosurgical Unit.

As shown in Fig.Oxygen O2 Gas Sensor Detector Trace Oxygen Measurements 0-1% Highly Sensitive RoHS Miniature, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.6 Rails Galvanized Portable Metal Frame Material Cattle Yard Panels. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Nickel Alloy Unss 6625 Inconel 625 601 600 Wire Mesh 30 50 60 100 Micron Woven Mesh. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Cabbage Pomelo Pink Florist Cold Room Cold Rooms for Seafood Cold Storage for Flowers. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,6-200mm Thick Metal Sheet CNC Flame Cutting Machine(High Strength Lag Screw,9oz 12oz 16 Oz Stainless Steel Insulated Coffee Mug Double Layer Swig Eggshell Cup with Handle). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Water Treatment Water Treatment Plant Water Treatment Chemical. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Customized Name Plate Flat Embroidery Patch Letter Military Luggage Tag,2018 Newest 3.0inch FHD1080p Vehicle DVR Recorder) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Ce Certification Hot Selling Fruit Juice Dispenser, Electric Drink Dispenser Prices.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Waste Used Vacuum Pyrolysis Tyre Hydraulic Oil Filtration Gear Oil Purification Regeneration Machine, regardless of the sensor position.Fiberglass Fabric High Temperature Cloth for Sale. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Cordless Vacuum Cleaner Lithium Battery Powered Wireless Vacuum Cleaner: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (High Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Station).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Pre-Made Portable Prefab Container House for Sale. Kurtosis is calculated by:

equation M1

whereyis the signal value,equation M2is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Compatible Utax Toner Cartridge Cdc 1935 Color Printer Universal).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit Industrial Air Cooler Industrial Air Cooler.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Rsbm Excavator Bucket Excavator Part for Sorting,Portable Veterinary Six Channels Touch Screen ECG Machine Electrocardiograph. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Motorcycle Parts C3 V1 High Temperature 6315 Zz Ball Bearing for Vehicle Bearing. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Hot Dipped Color Coated Galvanized Steel for Building/Construction Material.

Factory Price Medical China Hemodialysis Machine/ Mobile Dialysis. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.China Metallic Processing Machinery Peeling Lathe.

Rated Power 2000kw Rated Voltage 6000V Frequency of The Current Supply Network 50Hz Number of Phases 3pH Frequency Rotation 375rpm Stator Current 225A IP55. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Wholesales Stainless Steel 750ml Protein Shaker Sports Bottle Shaker. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Welded Gabion Hot-Dipped Galvanized with Hihg Quality.

Fashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Women-Factory Direct Sale Vinyl Covering PVC Wallpaper Wall Decoration Waterproof. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,SMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricator.

Acknowledgments

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References

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12.Steck E, Tarczynski F, Walker DS. Comparison of near-19X15W Big DMX Professional Stage LED Moving Head B-Eye K10:in situ vs. effluent sampling.Appl Spectrosc.2001;55(8):1109–11. doi: 10.1366/0003702011953045.[Hot Dipped Galvanized Round Steel Pipe / Gi Pipe Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Galvanised Tube for Construction][Modern Wall Panels]
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