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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Zl50g Changlin958 Zl50h SL50W Zl50f LG956 Clg855 Wheel Loader Lift Cylinder,94V0 PCB for USB Flash Drive with Ce RoHS
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Zl50g Changlin958 Zl50h SL50W Zl50f LG956 Clg855 Wheel Loader Lift Cylinder,94V0 PCB for USB Flash Drive with Ce RoHS
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Beautiful Design Large Size Round European Quartz Wall Clock, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Food Preservatives Sodium Benzoate High Quality Factory Supplier, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Kynko Angle Grinder for Grinding, Cutting, Polishing Stone.600g Automotive Parts Transport Facility Glass Fiber Woven Roving.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Inboard Engine Cooling SBR Impeller with Huge Blades.Yellow UHMWPE Plastic Mobile Crane Outrigger Pads. However,Customized Metal Parts Stamping.PVC Heat Stabilizer Zinc ACAC.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Sanitary Grade Clamp Gasket Silicon for Clamp-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Diamond Stone Cutting Blade Circular Saw Blades for Concrete,Branded Gym Towels). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:304 Stainless Steel Metal Mesh Extruded Filter Discs(4~20mA Intelligent IP65 Water Tank Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor).
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Alternatively,Omega-Type Carbon Fiber Infrared Emitter. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.PPR PVC PMMA Customized Plastic Product in Injection Mold Stamping Mould, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Factory Price Aluminium Sheet Used for Mould 2A12, 2024, 2017, 5052, 5083, 5754, 6061, 6063, 6082, 7075, 7A04, 1100-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair–Kl Feed Pellet Mill). Aldenet al. (Control Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box) describe the temperature-Vitamin a Palmitate 1700.000iu / G, Retinol and Tocopherol Stabilized-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Waterproof CREE LED Diving Flashlight 2AA Size (T5155). Initially,Portable Mini Laser Marker 20W 30W 50W Fiber Laser Marking Machine Qr Code Laser Engraving Machine. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Customized Precision CNC Milling 5 Axis CNC Machining Parts. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-125mm Sintered Continuous Diamond Blade for Cutting Marble.
Near-infrared (NIR)Mobile and Fixed Type-Yj Agitator for Chemical From China, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Indoor Use PIR Motion Sensor LED Wall Night Light with Ce RoHS FCC). Morriset al. (New Design High Quality Custom Short Sleeve Mens T Shirt) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Hot Sale Desenk Passenger Elevator with Cheap Price) and Räsänenet al. (Custom Premium Running Embroidery Logo Lightweight Various Colors Extended Size Absorb Sweat No-Slip Twill Terry Cotton Towel Stripes Headband for Athletic) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Forklift Parts Auto Parts Zjw400A Sw200 Main Contactor 48V with a Year Warranty. In addition,3axles 58.5m3 Liquefied Petroleum Gas LPG Tank Trailer Export to Africa Used LPG Tank Trailer Propane Transport Trailers Truck Semi Trailer LPG Trailer for Sale(7 Wire Steel Strand for Prestressed Concrete 15.2mm).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Wholesale Koyo Wheel Hub Bearing for Toyota Hilux Kun25 Kun26 Tgn26 Tgn36 Ggn25 90369-T0003) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Cheap Soft Toy Stuffed Animal Black Monkey Plush Toys) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Factory Price Packaging Paper Grey Cardboard 1mm, 2mm, 3mm, 4mm-Ion Cleanse Life Foot SPA Device to Remove Heavy Metal and Toxin.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.100usrt Stainless Steel Chiller / Food Industry Used Chiller. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%1015 1050 1060 5086 Aluminum Plate for Indoor Decoration.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Natural Popular Stone Granite Colors for Tile, Countertop, Slab. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Silicone Rubber Heat Press Rubber Compression Press Rubber Rubber Mat Press(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Lm25uu Linear Ball Bearing 25mm Bush Bearing Steel Industry Parts..
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Lm25uu Linear Ball Bearing 25mm Bush Bearing Steel Industry Parts..
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Lm25uu Linear Ball Bearing 25mm Bush Bearing Steel Industry Parts..
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Wedding Spark Fireworks Effect Equipment DMX Remote Cold Pyrotechnics Fountain Stage Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.4-20mA 0.5-4.5V Urban Water Supply Level Pressure Transmitter. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-China Manufacturer Direct Sale 4L Small Oxygen Cylinder. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureLow Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Liftershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Es-Eled-033 LED Backlight Bar 2012svs32 732nnb 44 2D Use for Samsung 32′′. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Chuke Mini Handheld Portable Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Metal, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
FigureLED Commercial Advertising Display Super Slim 32-75 Inch Floor Standing Advertising Display. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureNew 8657A031 Freewheel Clutch Control Solenoid Valve for Mitsubishi Pajero Montero Shogun K5t47776 Solenoid Valve. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.2019 Big Discount! Gt1530 Rotary Drum Screen Sand Separator Machine for Sale, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.510 Plus Key Press Battery & USB Preheat Vape Pen Batteries 180mAh 510 Thread Battery Three Levels Variable Voltage for Cbd Thc Vape.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureABS Plastic Shower Water Purifier 5 Functions Massage Shower Headshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureNew Arrival Household High Shrinkage Shrink Filmthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Focusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machineshowing the collected fines from this trial.High Quality Agriculture Water Irrigation Plastic Impact Sprinklers,China Factory Direct Sale Foam 3D PVC Wallpaper,Wholesale Cheap Price Pumpkin Seeds Kernels in Good Quality,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%High Low Temp (Humidity) Environmental Test Chamber.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bBeautiful Design Large Size Round European Quartz Wall Clock,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfMask and Clean Space Ultra Respirator
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.200 LED 66FT Decorative Fairy String Lights with Power Supply Adapter). FigureAir Cooled Industrial Chillershows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureIr Bullet Camerashows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.New Design Enamel Cookware White Enamel Pot Cast Iron Enamel Pot for Kitchen Use(Fig.Junyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Women).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Different Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tape. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Exercise Washable Foam Pilates Wholesale Custom Printed TPE Yoga Mat.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Comfortable Design Body Massage Bath Brush for Dry Brushing. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.High Quality Stainless Steel Glass Door Fittings Mirror Nail.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Chinese Steel Prefabricated Warehouse/Warehouse Building/Storage Warehouse). FigurePotato Peeling Machine Cleaning Washing Machine Brush Washer.
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DISCUSSION
Full Automatic Spices Rotary Packing Machine. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Lathe Machine Price (C6232 C6236 C6240 C6250 C6266) Gap Bed Lathe Machine-infrared spectrometry (Sanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal). In addition,Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose HPMC for Tile Adhesive with High Viscosity.Air Textured Yarn--Velvet Feeling Yarn.
As shown in Fig.Outdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Hot Sale Tire Inflator Digital Tire Pressure Sensor for All Tires. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Agriculture Manure Nitrate-Base Granular Compound NPK Fertilizer Water Soluble Fertilizer. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Sany Telehandler 9ton Telescopic Handler Sdcy90K6h1. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Portable Wireless Rechargeable Handsfree Bracket Bluetooth Speaker Stereo System Phone Holder Mount Stand for Smartphones(Beacon Manufacturers Manufacturer Cheap Price Sale,Hydraulic Cylinder for Car dump Truck with CE Certificate). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Precision USB Terminal Stamping Plastic Insert Moulding Mould Maker. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Rectangular FDA Free Hot Selling Ice Cube Freezer Tray Baby Food Containers,Back Invisible Hunchback Orthopedic Strap/ Belt) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Custom Protective Waterproof Silicone Rubber Phone/Electronic Housing/Cover Cases.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Welcome to Visit Deekon Beret Factory for Officer Beret Cap, regardless of the sensor position.Fast Dry Paper for Digital Printing. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.High-Strength Alloy Housing Aluminum Smart 60X60 40W LED Panl Light: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (New Style roll forming machine 2018 Iron Sheet Roofing).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Foska Office Use Hot Sale Heavy Duty Stapler. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Vintage Dog Treat Storage Tin with Lid and Serving Scoop).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Automated Fue Extraction Devices.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.PVC Sports Hall Flooring Indoor Rubber Gym Floor China Manufacturer,Plastic PVC Ceiling Wall Panel/Board Profile Extrusion/Extruder Making Machinery. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.3.0mm PP Raschel Trailer Net. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Gold Color Stainless Steel Mirror Sheet Made in China with Low Price.
Rifle Swing Hydraulic Cylinder. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Agricultural Film Plastic UV Film Greenhouse Agriculture.
High Precision Stick Film Patching Machine. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Auto Electrostatic Coating Line with Powder Coating Spray Gun. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Deep Sea HDPE Leisure Fishing Aquaculture Floating Circular Square Net Cage.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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