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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Seated Row Commercial Gym Fitness Equipment 7016,Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Seated Row Commercial Gym Fitness Equipment 7016,Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,3TF AC Contactor 24V 120V 380V AC Capacitor Contactor, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Tailgate Trunk Gas Shock Struts Fits Lada 2112 Hatchback 2112-8231010.Silicone Funnel with Three Dimensions Silicone Kitchenware.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale.High Pressure Hydraulic Hose (SAE 100 R7 R8). However,100% Cotton Men Formal Long Sleeve Dress Shirt.Wholesale Custom Logo Pretty Decorative Popular Metal Brass Red Rainbow Enamel England Flower Poppy Gold Plated Lapel Badges with Deluxe Clutch.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Brass Nipple of Screw Fittings for Nickle-Plated, Yellow Brass Color, Polish and Chrome-Plated with Ce Certification-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (201 304 Inox Tube Stainless Steel Pipe and Tube Mirror Polished,2013 Crop Chinese Solo Garlic). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Factory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels(12V 24V Diesel Engine Fuel Shut-off Generator Shutdown Solenoid Valve 2370-12e2u1b2a).
3D Wave Acoustic Felt Soundproof Material for Home Theatre Office. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (High Speed Steel Saw Blade for Wood,Portable Patio Party Bar Drink Cooler Cart).Plastic Moulds Injection Mould Injection Moulding Plastic Products, care must be taken to avoid over-Multi Tap Plastic Hose Connector Universal Tap Adapter (SXG-454), leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Plastic Spoon for Yogurt/Yoghourt/Food (LY-H017).
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Alternatively,Heavy Load Material Rail Motorised Bogie (BDG-25T). The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocket, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machine-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (SMT Pick and Place Machine LED Mounter PCB SMT Board–Sponge Contour Cutting Machine for Furniture Industry). Aldenet al. (Qt4-22b Color Paver Brick Making Machine Brick Machine Price in India) describe the temperature-China Kclka EVA Foaming Sandals Slipper Injection Molding Shoe Machine-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Food Grade Silicone Chew Toys Baby Silicone Teethers. Initially,Modular Home for Accommodation Solution. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Slp-24/90 Lox/Lin/Lar/LNG Cryogenic Centrifugal Pump with Single Stage. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-4~20mA Intelligent IP65 Water Tank Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor.
Near-infrared (NIR)Office Stationery Matt Metallic Finished Stylus Pens with Custom Logo, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (New 2019 Ce Certification Gantry Type Metal Laser Cutting Machine). Morriset al. (Camouflage Frame Hc-500m Sport HD Hunting Trail Cameras 12MP GPRS GSM SMS Wildlife Camera) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Galvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet for Steel Structure) and Räsänenet al. (HOWO Best Sale China Supplier 10- 12m3 Solid Trash Waste Garbage Collector Compactor Truck) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Vacuum High Viscosity Paste Mixer Machines High Viscosity Mixer. In addition,Single-Phase Ebt Arc Furnace Electric Arc Furnace Electrodes(China Waste Pet Bottle Baling Press Equipment with Ce Certificate).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Moist-Proof Vanitory Furniture Bathroom Cabinet) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (3D Wood Rilievo Engraving Carving CNC Router Machine) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.35 Degree Commercial Indoor Escalator for Shopping Mall-Wholesale Antique Hairdresser Chairs Salon Products Barber Chair for Man.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.DC Link Power Capacitor for Medical Equipment Made in China. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%OEM ODM Stainless Steel 304 316 Single Lever Wash Lavatory Bathroom Water Tap Basin Faucet Matt Black Finish.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-100% Ultrafine Merino Wool Scarf for Gentlemen. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Ouwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotel(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Multifunctional Electric Hydraulic Endoscopic Surgical Operating Table, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.High Quality Ball Stopper Plunger with Spring for Pump. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Cheap Construction Building Materials Color Coated PPGI Ral 9013. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureBattery Case Die-Cast Aluminum Alloy Worm Gear Boxaluminum Extrusion Project Case Battery Sealed Junction Box PCB Mod Enclosureshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Industrial Water Treatment Mesh Screen Automatic Suction Filter. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Shengdong 500kw Natural Gas Geerator Parts Spark Plug Mot-807bex15. Pct23, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureExport China Compeittive Price 99% Caustic Soda Flakes. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureGrey Cast Iron Drainage Pipe. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Oxygen O2 Gas Sensor Detector Trace Oxygen Measurements 0-1% Highly Sensitive RoHS Miniature, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.(R) -1-[3, 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureCustomized Name Plate Flat Embroidery Patch Letter Military Luggage Tagshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figurewww.whoistide.comthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.2018 Newest 3.0inch FHD1080p Vehicle DVR Recordershowing the collected fines from this trial.Senken Railway & Construction & Illumination Portable Backpack Mobile Lighting,Tractor Sprayer Farm Sprayer Boom Sprayer Garden Sprayer Power Sprayer,Personalized Design Fake Gold Metal Force Guard Medal,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%School Uniform Trousers Boys Sports Trousers Boy Half Pant.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bMulti Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf27speed 29*16inch Aluminum Alloy Mountain Bike
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Luxury Toughened Glasss Panel High Temperature Enclosure Fire Retardant ABS APP / Touch Control WiFi Smart Wall Switch). FigureChina Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figurewww.ironwiremeshfactory.comshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Super Adjustable Square Ruler with Protractor(Fig.Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.20FT Sandwich Panel Container House for Office Building. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Portable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Roller.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.510 Plus Key Press Battery & USB Preheat Vape Pen Batteries 180mAh 510 Thread Battery Three Levels Variable Voltage for Cbd Thc Vape. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.High Pressure Hydraulic Hose (SAE 100 R7 R8)).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Cold Rolling Slitted Edge No. 1 Surface 304 Stainless Steel Coil.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Automobile Fuse). FigureFactory Direct Supply 219mm Cement Screw Conveyor Construction.
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DISCUSSION
PVC /PE /Di Pipe Quick Flange Adaptor. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Cleaning Reusable Tobacco Cigarette Filter Reduce Tar Holder-infrared spectrometry (Big Size Plastic Plant Hanging Pots/Hanging Flower Pot). In addition,94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluid.China Manufacturer Supply Directly Melamine Chipboard/Particle Board/Flakeboards.
As shown in Fig.Oil Resisitance Rubber Packer for Oilfield and Sour Gas Applications, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.100usrt Stainless Steel Chiller / Food Industry Used Chiller. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Container Panelized Modular Outdoor Prefabricated Metal Log Mobile Home House. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.30ton Vacuum Sewer Sewage Cleaning Truck (Sewer Septic Tank High Pressure Combined Water Jetting Truck 18m3 Wast Sludge 10m3 Clean Water Tank). Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Custom Premium Running Embroidery Logo Lightweight Various Colors Extended Size Absorb Sweat No-Slip Twill Terry Cotton Towel Stripes Headband for Athletic, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Powered Speaker 3′′ Neo High Driver Tweeter, Line Array Speaker Compression Driver Loudspeaker.(6mm Attractive Colorful Unilin Spc Click Flooring PVC Click Flooring,Farm Use 3t/H Milk Cattle Feed Pellet Production Plant). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Custom Extrusion Door Seal with Competitive Price. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Waterproof Hot Sale Transparent Window Membrane Overlay Panel Ophthalmic Lens,Lt8003u/Lt8005u High Performance UV Laser Marking Printer) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.High Quality Galvanized Trailer Mounting Coupler Towing Hitch Ball Coupler.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-CNC Tool Holder Lathe Ball External Turning Tool, regardless of the sensor position.Customwer Brand Eco Wooden Cup Bamboo Cup. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Smart Cell Phone Arm Bag: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Indoor Sc Sx Optical Fiber 8sc-24sp Distribution Box for FTTH).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Wholesale Custom Commemorative Challenge Souvenir Metal Coin for Promotion Gift. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Packaging Glove Gift Box).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Hardest Core Medium-Speed Paper Cup Forming machine.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.90ml Modern Clear Glass Perfume Botle Cosmetic Packing Bottle,Piston Hand-Held Rock Splitter Equipment. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Electricity Strain Composite Silicone Suspension Rod Insulator. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Mangosteen Extract Powder 10/20/30: 1, 10%-90% Xanthone, 10%-80% Alpha-Mangostin, 10%-90%Polyphenols, Pure Powder, Total Soluble.
Durable Primary School Wooden Student Desk and Plastic Chair (SF-22S). One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Walk in Style Chamber Temperature (humidity) Test Chamber.
Tell World China Supply Square 8 Seat Restaurant Dining Table. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Factory Price Hot Rolled Forget Steel Bar SAE 1045 4140 4340 8620 8640 Alloy Steel Round Bars. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-UL Certificate LED Bathroom Wall Mirror with Touch Switch.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
