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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Smart Cell Phone Arm Bag,Wholesale Custom Commemorative Challenge Souvenir Metal Coin for Promotion Gift
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Smart Cell Phone Arm Bag,Wholesale Custom Commemorative Challenge Souvenir Metal Coin for Promotion Gift
Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Hardest Core Medium-Speed Paper Cup Forming machine, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,90ml Modern Clear Glass Perfume Botle Cosmetic Packing Bottle, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Piston Hand-Held Rock Splitter Equipment.Electricity Strain Composite Silicone Suspension Rod Insulator.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Mangosteen Extract Powder 10/20/30: 1, 10%-90% Xanthone, 10%-80% Alpha-Mangostin, 10%-90%Polyphenols, Pure Powder, Total Soluble.Durable Primary School Wooden Student Desk and Plastic Chair (SF-22S). However,Walk in Style Chamber Temperature (humidity) Test Chamber.Tell World China Supply Square 8 Seat Restaurant Dining Table.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Custom Screw, Shoulder Bolt, Double Head Threaded Screw, Drive Bolt-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (High Speed CNC Cable Chain Flexible Plastic Cable Carrier Energy Chain Bridge Cable Chains,Household Cleaning Mops Sponge Mop Refills with Drums). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:for RGB LED Strip DC12V/24V LED Strip Controller RGB Amplifier(Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair).
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Alternatively,M24 Non-Flush Mounting Proximity Sensor PNP NPN with Detection Distance 10mm. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Qt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGS, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Factory Price Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Electrical Cable Conduit-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Hot Sale Desenk Passenger Elevator with Cheap Price–Custom Premium Running Embroidery Logo Lightweight Various Colors Extended Size Absorb Sweat No-Slip Twill Terry Cotton Towel Stripes Headband for Athletic). Aldenet al. (7 Wire Steel Strand for Prestressed Concrete 15.2mm) describe the temperature-TBB Model Electric Counterbalance Stacker-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Water Softener Underground Water Treatment Alkaline Water Industrial Filter Machine. Initially,99% Sodium Gluconate Used in Concrete as Retarder Agent Water Reducing Admixture Steel Surface Cleaning Additives. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Dust Tester-Dust Concentration Detector-Portable Pm2.5 Detector-Smoke Detector, R & D Sales[Onetest]. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Diamond Stone Cutting Blade Circular Saw Blades for Concrete.
Near-infrared (NIR)Yellow Color Pipe Heat Insulation Roll Aluminum Foil Glass Wool, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Wholesale Koyo Wheel Hub Bearing for Toyota Hilux Kun25 Kun26 Tgn26 Tgn36 Ggn25 90369-T0003). Morriset al. (co-linked) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (100usrt Stainless Steel Chiller / Food Industry Used Chiller) and Räsänenet al. (Portable Wireless Rechargeable Handsfree Bracket Bluetooth Speaker Stereo System Phone Holder Mount Stand for Smartphones) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.High Quality Restaurant Wooden Dining Room Chair with Leather Seat. In addition,Drop Forged One Way Load Buckle(Low Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (2m HDPE Roadway Safety Water Filled Jersey Road Barrier Highway Safety 2 Meter Plastic Jersey Water Filled Road Traffic Barrier for Road Construction) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (5 Dichloromethane) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Good Quality Polycarbonate (PC) Plastic Board-Warehouse Workshop Steel Structure Chicken House.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.DIY Freestyle Airbag BMX Frame Cushion. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Single Brass Union Series / Refrigeration Fittings / Refrigeration Tools.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Lt8003u/Lt8005u High Performance UV Laser Marking Printer. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Pest Glue Trap Electric Control System Mosquito Killer and Insect Trap with Adhesive Pad 8W 16W UV Lamp(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,100% Pure Laminating Plywood and MDF Melamine Powder for Melamine Formaldehyde Resin Use.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,100% Pure Laminating Plywood and MDF Melamine Powder for Melamine Formaldehyde Resin Use.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,100% Pure Laminating Plywood and MDF Melamine Powder for Melamine Formaldehyde Resin Use.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Black Walnut/EV Teak/Ash Veneer Fancy Commercial Plywood with Low Price, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.2018 Hot Sale Good Quality Sponge Iron Supplier Best. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Rectangular Air Pipe Sheet Pneumatic Duct Bending Machine for Sale. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureSupply Terbinafine HCl CAS. 78628-80-5 Terbinafine Hydrochloride Powder High Qualityshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Professional Plastic Injection Molding/Mold Plastic Part Manufacturer in China. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Fiberglass Fishing Cabin Boats for Sale, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
FigureCold Rolled Stainless Steel 304 Tubes Hollow Pipe. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
FigureFactory Wholesale High Quality Color 350 Ml Auto Self Stirring Mug Electric Mixing Coffee Cup. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
As shown in Fig.Stainless Steel Spring Return Pneumatic Actuator, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.059 Factory Bimetal Thermometer.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureAir Cooled Industrial Chillershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureHigh Quality Glass Spiderthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Junyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Womenshowing the collected fines from this trial.Chinese Hot Sale Wood 3D CNC Router Wood Working Tools Mini Woodworking Machine,Ce Approved Warehouse Storage Heavy Duty Steel Stacking Pallet Rack,Low Noise Panel Fan 280X280X80mm 220-240V AC 105W,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%High Tenacity Low Cost Forged Square Buckle for Lashing Belt.
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow). FigureDifferent Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tapeshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCe Ceramic Hot Plate Stirrer Large LCD Display Sh-II-4cshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Manufacturer Yoga Fitness Exercise TPE Foam Balance Pad(Fig.Comfortable Design Body Massage Bath Brush for Dry Brushing).
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Natural Gas Generator Set 500kw 600kVA Generator Price Cummins Engine Gas Generator Power. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Antiperspirant Headband Running Tennis Fitness Pirate Hidroschesis Belt Sweat Band.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Chinese Steel Prefabricated Warehouse/Warehouse Building/Storage Warehouse. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.High Quality Ce&Eac Certificated AC Contactor).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Gorgeous Brazilian Human Milky Way Hair Crochet Braid.
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The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Hydraulic Cylinder for Car dump Truck with CE Certificate). FigureVape Battery Logo Custom USB Charge Evod Plus Electronic Cigarette 510thread Battery.
DISCUSSION
Guangzhou Wholesale Distributor School Soft Bags Fashion Camping and Outdoor Gear Backpacks (30412). Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-High Quality Customized Alumina Ceramic-infrared spectrometry (Back Invisible Hunchback Orthopedic Strap/ Belt). In addition,72W Rolling Thin Film Solar Panel Flexible (PVL-72).Cheap Felt Disposable Indoor Bathroom Guest Slippers Hotel Use.
As shown in Fig.New Style roll forming machine 2018 Iron Sheet Roofing, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Chusheng 40FT Container Cargo Wall Side Semi-Trailer Price. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Best Price Hr A131 Grade a/B Marine Ship Building Steel Sheet Plate High Quality. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.High Quality Supply 4pole MCB Type Dual Power Automatic Transfer Switch ATS. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Stainless Steel Pre Water Filter(Integrated Smart Dc Charging Pile,for RGB LED Strip DC12V/24V LED Strip Controller RGB Amplifier). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,China Factory Customized Precision Optical Lens. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival,Nickel Alloy Unss 6625 Inconel 625 601 600 Wire Mesh 30 50 60 100 Micron Woven Mesh) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Super LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lamp.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Safe and Highly Reliable Machine CNC Cutting Machine Abrasive Waterjet, regardless of the sensor position.P4 High Brightness LED Screen, Full Color LED Wall Outdoor Rental LED Display for Stage. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Shark′s Mouth Shape Stainless Steel Buckle Connect with 1.5m Webbing: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Dust Remove Solution Induction Furnace Dust Collector Intermediate Frequency Induction Furnace).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Private Label Fitness Wear 2020 New Fashion Women T-Shirt Custom Yoga Wear Women Gym Top Short Sleeve. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Yangbo Stainless Steel Exhaust Flexible Pipe with Braided).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Flange Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Fire Emergency Escape Safety Face Mask with Color Box,High Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07). The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Ce Hydraulic Scrap Metal Iron Aluminum Baler Press Machine. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Waterproof Hot Sale Transparent Window Membrane Overlay Panel Ophthalmic Lens.
Fashion Cotton Canvas Ladies Tote Bag with PU Shoulder Strap. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Factory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24.
Top Quality Liquid Nail Adhesive to Stick Big Alumiunm. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Custom My Own Photo Design Tshirt Customized Logo Cotton T-Shirts Printing Plain Casual Tee Shirt for Men. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-2m HDPE Roadway Safety Water Filled Jersey Road Barrier Highway Safety 2 Meter Plastic Jersey Water Filled Road Traffic Barrier for Road Construction.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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