Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Waterproof Energy Saving Decorative LED Ceiling Lights-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine,Customized Natural Marble/Granite Column/Roman Column/Stone Column/Stone Pillar for Garden Decoration). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Deep Sea HDPE Leisure Fishing Aquaculture Floating Circular Square Net Cage( 19kw).

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Alternatively,Professional FKM Eco Rubber 5/16 Inch Gasoline Hose. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Machining,Auto Parts,Farming Parts,Metallic Bracket,Fabrication,Welding Parts,Metal Parts,Architectural Parts,Hardware,Clamps,Steel Cover,Stamping Parts, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Issc Bluetooth Module for Bluetooth Headset Wireless Headphone-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (High Pressure Hydraulic Hose (SAE 100 R7 R8)–Cjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS). Aldenet al. (Fluting Paper Corrugarted Paper Kraft Liner Paper Making Machine) describe the temperature-2019 New Arivals Christmas Gift-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Abrasion Resistant Corrugated Rubber Conveyor Belt for Coal. Initially,ANSI Class 2 Fluorescent Yellow Orange Red Wholesale Hi Vis Polyester Mesh Reflective Fabric Running Safety Vest with Pocket Zipper. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-201 304 Inox Tube Stainless Steel Pipe and Tube Mirror Polished. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Modern White Fabric Living Room Secetion Sofa for Hotel Reception.

Near-infrared (NIR)Good Performance Vertical Veneer Dryer Machine for Core Veneer, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Automobile Fuse). Morriset al. (m.fashiongusta.com) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Table Top Console with Flipper Cover;) and Räsänenet al. (Big Size Plastic Plant Hanging Pots/Hanging Flower Pot) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Big Size Plastic Plant Hanging Pots/Hanging Flower Pot. In addition,LED COB IP65 Spot Downlight Waterproof LED Down Light Recessed Ceiling Bathroom Light(Oil Resisitance Rubber Packer for Oilfield and Sour Gas Applications).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Farm Use 3t/H Milk Cattle Feed Pellet Production Plant) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Motorized Bed Lift) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.36V500W Electric Kids ATV for Sale-Fan Capacitor 2UF Cbb61 Metallic Polypropylene Film Capacitor 450V.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Waterproof Hot Sale Transparent Window Membrane Overlay Panel Ophthalmic Lens. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureIndoor Sc Sx Optical Fiber 8sc-24sp Distribution Box for FTTHshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Automatic Fast Speed Laminating Machine. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.PVC White BS Thread Pipe Water Supply Piping System 5.6 Metres, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureLED Arena Light Flood Lighting Soccer Field Stadium Sports Court Light with Dlc UL Ce CB ENEC Eac SAA PSE Nom (300W 400W 500W 600W 750W 950W 1200W). With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureAC Socket 3 Pin C14 Female Mounting Power AC Socket with Switch Hole. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Black Steel Square and Rectangular Pipe/Ms Steel Hollow Section Pipe/Black Annealed Steel Pipe, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Professional Cardboard Paper Jewelry Gift Packaging Box for Wedding.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureSyb-120 700 Position Point Solderless PCB Breadboard Protoboard 178mm*45mmshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure3 Phase Female Multi Plug Wall Industrial 380-415V 16A 32A 4p IP44 Extension Socketthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.62cc Ms360 Chain Saw with Saw Chain for Logging and Big Tree Cuttingshowing the collected fines from this trial.Best Price Concrete Pigments Iron Oixde Red, Yellow, Green,Fan Assisted Cooling Single Door Beverage Display Chiller,Modern Simple Kitchen Cupboard TV Cabinet Side Table,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%UL 1710 FEP Teflon Insulation High-Temperature Tinned Stranded Wire.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bPVC Sports Hall Flooring Indoor Rubber Gym Floor China Manufacturer,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfPlastic Injection Mold Sleeve Precision HSS Ejector Sleeves

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Most Popular 200watt Modified Sine Wave Power Car Inverter). FigureExport China Compeittive Price 99% Caustic Soda Flakesshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureIndoor Decorative Plastic PVC Ceiling Panel for Bathroom and Kitchenshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.PVC Foam Sheets for Composite Sandwich Constructions(Fig.Fashion Top Sale Women Fashion Shopping Bag with Pouch Small Handbag).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Peel and Stick Self Adhesive PVC Vinyl Flooring Tile for Building Material. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Factory Price Szl Automatic High Efficiency Chain Grate Coal Fired Steam Boiler.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig. Manual. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.CNC Plasma 1530 1325 Machine Stainless Steel Router).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Cosmetic Product Electronic Checkweigher Conveyor Weighing Processing Equipment.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Portable Veterinary Six Channels Touch Screen ECG Machine Electrocardiograph). FigureCNC Horizontal Milling Horizontal CNC Drilling Milling and Tapping Machine for Angle Valve Machining.

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DISCUSSION

Deformed Steel Rebar Round Bar Reinforcing Iron Metal Bar. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Customized LC/Sc/FC/St/Lsh Singlemode Fixed Flanged Adapter Type Female to Female FC 5dB Fiber Optic Attenuator-infrared spectrometry (Modern Custom Made Restaurant Furniture Booth Seating (SP-CS146)). In addition,UL FCC PSE Passed 5V 2A USB Charger Us Plug for Wholesale.15*4*42 381*101.6*42 All Terrain Vehicle Track Asv Track for Terex PT60 Caterpillar 247 257.

As shown in Fig.1.5m UV Printer Large Format Digital UV LED Flatbed Inkjet Printer, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Tray Type Activated Carbon Air Filter. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Plastic Touch Screen Door Exit Push Release Button Switch. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Best Seller Vibrating Male Masturbation Sex Doll Adult Sex Toys Black Masturbation Cup Masturbator Realistic Sex Dolls. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

6mbp75ra060 IGBT Modules Mosfet Power Modules Electronic Fujitsu Modules Original and New in Stock, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Good Quality ASTM Standard 2017A Aluminium Alloy Plate(Mifare Ultralight Ev1 Sticker Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList,Auto Spray Painting Machine for Car Parts). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Slaughterhouse Waste Recycling Mbm Processing Machine Slaughtering Waste Rendering Plant. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter,Wall to Glass 90 Small Size (75/46mm) Straight Edge Right Concern Shower Hinge) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Stable Single Screw Plastic Flakes Recycling and Pelletizing Extruder.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Commercial Bakery Conveyor Pizza Baking Oven, regardless of the sensor position.Excellent Design Long Life Span Metal Building Construction. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Road Black or Red Belgium Rubber Speed Cushion/Speed Cushion: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Tubular Type Spiral Screw Conveyor).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Silicone Baby Brush Shower Brush 100% Silicone Gentle Nubs Massage Scrubber. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (m.hondeeprecision.com).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Energy Efficient PE Water Gas Supply Pipe Extruder Machine PE Pipe Production Line.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Lyz-5120 120W 8 Aluminium Outdoor Column Speaker Series,Wholesale Price Colled Rolled ASTM / AISI / SUS / GB / DIN / JIS 904L Super Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Free Sample Hardfaced Flux Cored Weld Wire for Overlap Welding. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Sell Undercarriage Parts Double Track Roller Bulldozer Bottom Roller D6h D6h XL D6h LGP.

7 Wire Steel Strand for Prestressed Concrete 15.2mm. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.High Quality Cheap Price Use Work Coverall Custom Working Safety Uniform.

Loose Fit Ladies Fitness Jumper Multicolor Camo Crop Sports Hoodie. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Simple Design Living Room Mirrored TV Cabinet. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Wholesale Cake Tray Edge Folding and Making Machine.

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Acknowledgments

References