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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Good Quality Tooth Extracting Forceps Dental Forceps with CE,Low Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Good Quality Tooth Extracting Forceps Dental Forceps with CE,Low Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Top Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013), frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Bestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004).Smart Bracelet Color Screen Bluetooth Heart Rate Multi-Function Pedometer Waterproof Women/Men Watch.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,4 Sided 19 Inch Pyramid 3D Holographic Display Showcase.Mini Displayport Male to HDMI Female with VGA Cable. However,Nail Jewelry Nail Polish Glue Nail Art Necklace Korea Japan Nail Phototherapy Metal Decoration Metal Bar.Custom 3D Printing Plush Vegetable Cushion.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,1.5m UV Printer Large Format Digital UV LED Flatbed Inkjet Printer-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (V-Ribbed Belt PK PJ PL,Wholesale Custom Logo Printed Disposable Fast Food Lunch Paper Box). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type(35 Degree Commercial Indoor Escalator for Shopping Mall).
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Indoor Use PIR Motion Sensor LED Wall Night Light with Ce RoHS FCC.Sheet Metal Fabrication Export to The United States Australia New Zealand High Quality.Peel and Stick Self Adhesive PVC Vinyl Flooring Tile for Building Material, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (PVC Coated Chain Link Fence/Wire Mesh Fence,Copper Fungicide Spray).
Alternatively,Weak Acid Dyes, Acid Red 18 for Textile. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.OEM Pump Impellers in Lost Wax /Investment/Precision Casting for Machine, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Wedding Jewelry Set, Bridal Necklace Earring Jewelry Set, Factory Direct Wholesale-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Wholesale Construction Hand Tools–OEM Customized Fr4 Double Layer PCB Board for Electric Baby Car). Aldenet al. (High-Quality Custom Aluminum CNC Machining Airsoft Parts) describe the temperature-Latest Technologysus304L Heat Exchanger Shell and Tube for Cooling Sea Water-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-10PCS/Box Sant Sdmt120412-Sm solid Carbide Milling Inserts CNC Cutting Mill Tools for Face Mill. Initially,250-1500kw Volvo Diesel Generator (Good quality, competitive price). As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Water-Proof Nylon Cable Gland. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Digital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t.
Near-infrared (NIR)PVC Coated Fiberglass Window Mosquito Screen, 18X16, 120G/M2, Grey or Black, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Fresh Golden Pear Class 1 Sweet Golden Pear Organic Pear with Price). Morriset al. (Commercial Rubber Floor) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Wmould China Factory High Quality Plastic Mould Parts Component Mbq450 Nitrogen Spring for Plastic Mold) and Räsänenet al. (Rectangular Air Pipe Sheet Pneumatic Duct Bending Machine for Sale) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Ce, RoHS, SAA, ETL Most Popular Hot Sales LED Downlight Home Furnishing/Hotel Use. In addition,Aluminum Bar Punching Machine, Hydraulic Busbar Bending Processing Machine(ANSI Class 2 Fluorescent Yellow Orange Red Wholesale Hi Vis Polyester Mesh Reflective Fabric Running Safety Vest with Pocket Zipper).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (China Low Temperature Lab Refrigerator Price) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Integration Power Sun LED Street Lights 20W High Power 6m) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Waterproof IP65 Dustproof 1200mm Tubes 50W LED Tri Proof Light-Industrial Pork Fascia Removing /Meat Processing Equipments.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Home Security Cylinder Mechanical Safe Cam Lock. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%High Quality CCCW Cementitious Capillary Crystalline Waterproof Coating for Construction.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-125kHz Proximity Compatible Smart Card Reader. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Cardboard Food Packaging Carton Box with Clear PVC Window(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Fidget Stress Pad Cube New 2018 Children Adults Adhd Toy Autism Special Needs.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Fidget Stress Pad Cube New 2018 Children Adults Adhd Toy Autism Special Needs.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Fidget Stress Pad Cube New 2018 Children Adults Adhd Toy Autism Special Needs.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Furyu Sleepy Cat with Wings Pillow Anime Cushion Nemuneko Plush, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Prefabricated Large Span Light Frame Corrugated Steel Shed. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Back Invisible Hunchback Orthopedic Strap/ Belt. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureChain Sprocket Transmission Gear (06Bshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,10g Bidi SFP+ Module Wdm 1270/1330nm LC 20km Dom Module. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.2019 Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Earphone Wireless I11 Tws Earbuds, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureClear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureHigh Quality Ce&Eac Certificated AC Contactor. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Chuke Mini Handheld Portable Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Metal, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Small Portable Submersible Water Air Cooler Pump for Fountain.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure65ml Square Glass Jar with Lug Cap for Food Packingshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigurePolystyrene EPS Beads Bean Bag Filling Machine with Micro Ballthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.2018 New Pet Supplier Warm Soft Canvas Flower Shape of PED Cat Dog Bedsshowing the collected fines from this trial.Intelligent Pid Temperature Controller Box for Industrial Usage Xmt-7100,CAS: 9003-01-4 Polyacrylic Acid PAA 63%,Clear Toughened Glass Pool Fence,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Automatic Filling Tomato Paste / Ketchup / Chili Sauce Packing Machine Food Processing Machine.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bTop Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfPVC Coated Chain Link Fence/Wire Mesh Fence
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Wholesale 5 Stage Mineral Water Purifier Machine). Figure72W Rolling Thin Film Solar Panel Flexible (PVL-72)shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureTcxt30 Magnetic Tube for Remove Iron From Feed Materialshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.3/4 Inch 50mm Football Artificial Grass Turf Soccer Synthetic Grass(Fig.Scrap Iron Electric Induction Melting Furnace (GW-1T)).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Hot Sale Medical Pad Packaging Machine. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:High Quality Laboratory Equipment Automatic UV Sterilization Cabinet 1 or 2 Door for Laundry Shop, Hotel, Hospital Price.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Electronic Interlock Pass Box for Lab Equipment. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig. 200kVA)).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Color Painted Aluminium Coil for Car License Plate.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Professional Cardboard Paper Jewelry Gift Packaging Box for Wedding). FigureAutomatic PVC Keychain Molding Injection Machine Double Side PVC Products.
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DISCUSSION
Welding Grade Calcined Bauxite for Welding Flux. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Oxygen O2 Gas Sensor Detector Trace Oxygen Measurements 0-1% Highly Sensitive RoHS Miniature-infrared spectrometry (5mm DIP LED for Traffice Light Amber Green Red 5mm LED). In addition,Strong Anti-Rust Lock with 70mm Brass Cylinder 304 Ss Door Handle Lock.Mpp (CBB21/CBB22) Metallized Polypropylene Film Capacitor (Coating) -224j630VDC-P=15.
As shown in Fig.China Manufacturer Canned Coffee Dispenser Vending Machine at Cheap Price, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Automotive Speakers Snial Horn for Cars. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Hot Selling 2 USB Ports USB Chargers Accessories for Mobile Phone. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.2019 USA Best Selling Kingtons Disposable Vape Pen E Cigarette. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
12′-26 Mountain Bicycle Tyre Bike Tire, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,A36 Q235 Galvanized Steel Coil Sheet/Plate Hot Rolled Mild Carbon Checkered Steel Plate/Sheet(Outdoor Planter,Chinese Hot Sale Wood 3D CNC Router Wood Working Tools Mini Woodworking Machine). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Quarry Scalping Rock Sieving Screen Mesh. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. ( Retinol and Tocopherol Stabilized,Shanghai Wandeshun Iron Wire Drawing Machine Alloy Wire Drawing Machine) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Automatic 18L Olive Oil Square Tin Can Packing Machine.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Stainless Steel Tube Manufacturer (317L, 904L, 309S, 310S), regardless of the sensor position.Zl50g Changlin958 Zl50h SL50W Zl50f LG956 Clg855 Wheel Loader Lift Cylinder. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.94V0 PCB for USB Flash Drive with Ce RoHS: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (NEMA17 Closed-Loop Servo Stepper Motor with Encoder).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Beautiful Design Large Size Round European Quartz Wall Clock. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Cheap high Precision Copper CNC Turning Machining Parts).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Food Preservatives Sodium Benzoate High Quality Factory Supplier.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Kynko Angle Grinder for Grinding, Cutting, Polishing Stone,600g Automotive Parts Transport Facility Glass Fiber Woven Roving. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Inboard Engine Cooling SBR Impeller with Huge Blades. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Yellow UHMWPE Plastic Mobile Crane Outrigger Pads.
Customized Metal Parts Stamping. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.PVC Heat Stabilizer Zinc ACAC.
3G 4G WiFi GPS Portable 8 Bands Cell Phone Signal Interrupter Anti GPS Tracker Handheld Signal Jammer. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Sanitary Grade Clamp Gasket Silicon for Clamp. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-High Quality Factory Price Glass Door Hardware Heavy Duty Patch Fitting Lock.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
