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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG),Mylar Film Slitting Machine, Polyester Film Cutting Machine for Compact Busduct
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG),Mylar Film Slitting Machine, Polyester Film Cutting Machine for Compact Busduct
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking, Vehicle Tracking. Asset Tracking, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light.Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines.Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine. However,Custom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw.Witson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Anti-Ultraviolet Flex Banner of Clod Laminated Frontlit,Semi Automatic Granule/Grain/Rice/Beans/Coffee/Nuts/ Filler Weighing Filling Packing Machine). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale(Heat Sink Radiator Anodizing Aluminum Alloy Die Casting).
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Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair.CNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cutting.Hot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in China, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (30kw Wind Turbine,Fc Fiber Cable).
Alternatively,Ce ISO Hospital Single Arm Medical Electric Endoscopic Pendant. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Natural Rubber, Tire Recycled Rubber, Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surface, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Canned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Wine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine–High Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building). Aldenet al. (Auto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastener) describe the temperature-Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Blue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toys. Initially,Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler.
Near-infrared (NIR)Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819), more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Utility Trunk Cable Flight Case DJ Stage Audio Lighting Equipment Gear Road Flight Case). Morriset al. (Aluminium Pop Can Lid Eoe 200sot) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Agriculture Manure Nitrate-Base Granular Compound NPK Fertilizer Water Soluble Fertilizer) and Räsänenet al. (Industrial Use Round Tungsten Carbide Slitter Blade) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.World Flag Mini Car Flags. In addition,Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors( TPE Balance Pad).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Automatic Digital Wrist Blood Pressure Monitor with Cuff) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Self Balancing Electric Bicycle with Golf Holder) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine-Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.15*4*42 381*101.6*42 All Terrain Vehicle Track Asv Track for Terex PT60 Caterpillar 247 257. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Stainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Portable Shelving Luggage Insert Rise Gear Organizers Travel Bag. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Progressive Stamping Tool for Motor Rotor Stator(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Ceiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Ceiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Ceiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Photoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureAuto Electrostatic Coating Line with Powder Coating Spray Gunshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureChina Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lock. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Power Supply Marine Series Diesel Generators 130kw, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.for Liebherr 256hc Fixing Angle with Tower Crane Fixed Chassis.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureNickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Priceshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigurePrefab Poultry Farmthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Diamond Glass Plate Dessert Plate Vegetable and Fruit Salad Plateshowing the collected fines from this trial.Focusun Brine Water Block Ice Machine with Container3 Tons,Galvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet for Steel Structure,Top Quality Lactose CAS 63-42-3 with Factory Price,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfPortable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Event Wedding Aluminum Backdrop Stand). FigureHigh Quality Wood Wool Cement Board Wall Boardshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureBrass Bathroom Fittings Chrome Plated Miniature Union Ball Valveshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna(Fig.Multi-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800)).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Abrasive/ Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflective. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Stainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensor.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.DIN Rail Mounting Double Layer Terminal Block with Ce RoHS (LUKK5)). FigureHot Supplier Services Vacuum Casting Parts for Producing All Kinds of Plastic Parts Materials.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.Magnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnet, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Wholesale Water Resistant Quartz a Set Bracelet Alloy Watch (cm19006). Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,OEM/ODM Factory JIS-10K Cast Iron Ball Valve. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.200 Ton H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine for Solid Forklift Tyre. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Cjtouch 21.5 Waterproof Infrared IR Touch Screen Overlay(Ground Mounting 50kw on Grid Solar Power System Solar Panel Sustem Kit,35kV High Density Polyethylene HDPE Pin Type Insulator). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,DJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Event. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Air Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressor,Top Quality NBR/PA/POM Hydraulic Seal (KDAS/DAS)) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.65ml Square Glass Jar with Lug Cap for Food Packing.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Outdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats, regardless of the sensor position.Standard Exported Package China Cheap CNC Milling Xk7125A. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Different Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tape: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Chemical Textile Auxiliary Agent Fixing Agent for Textile).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.F00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Glass Vial).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,MDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Anti-Ultraviolet Flex Banner of Clod Laminated Frontlit,Economic Mechanical CNC Punching Machine/CNC Turret Punch Press. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.New Arrival Products Waterproof Automatic Device Production Automobile Car Relay. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Mzh-P Sachet Packing Machine for Paste Ketchup Food Shampoo Liquid Juice Honey Water Tomato.
Glass Class Silica Sand Washing Plant for Sale. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.White Lacquer MFC Modular Kitchen Units in Guangzhou.
Ductile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,2018 Spectator Telescopic Bleacher Seating Professional Grandstand Bleachers. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
Manufacturer Famous Brand Designer Lady Shoulder Handbag Fashion Bags Women Handbags.Glass Simplicity Antique Shower Tempered Glass Sliding Stainless Sliding Door, temperature, humidity, and pressure measurements.
The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Ce Hho 6.0 High Pressure Car Cleaning Machine.
22mm High Quality Winch Rope/Tow Rope Manufactory-Beauty Cellulite Reducing Cavitation Machine Fg660L-002 ADSS Grupo. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,Aluminium Alloy Industrial Profile for Door Frame.
Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
