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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Rubber Coating Diamond Wire Saw for Stone Cutting,12V 24V Diesel Engine Fuel Shut-off Generator Shutdown Solenoid Valve 2370-12e2u1b2a
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Rubber Coating Diamond Wire Saw for Stone Cutting,12V 24V Diesel Engine Fuel Shut-off Generator Shutdown Solenoid Valve 2370-12e2u1b2a
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Industrial Use Round Tungsten Carbide Slitter Blade, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,2′′ Inch 40~110 L/Min Local Mechanical Display Diesel Fuel Flow Meter, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Plastic Injection Moulds/Plastic Molding Dies Manufacturer.Metal Aluminum Case Waterproof Shockproof Case for iPhone.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Best Quality Far Infrared Physiotherapy Patch for Shoulder Joint.Two Pole Circuit Breaker 2 Phase DC MCB. However,Acm/ ACP/ PVDF Exterior Wall Cladding Aluminium Composite Panel.Modern Custom Made Restaurant Furniture Booth Seating (SP-CS146).
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Chemical Textile Auxiliary Agent Fixing Agent for Textile-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Waterproof & Stain Resistant Heather Dog Hammock and Pet Seat Cover,www.shunstone.com). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Anti Aging Hot DIP Galvanized Land Raising Equipment for Broiler(Hot Sale Medical Pad Packaging Machine).
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Hot Sale Jinma 304 Tractor Parts Clutch Assembly.Us Type Casting Clamp for Steel Wire Rope.New Style roll forming machine 2018 Iron Sheet Roofing, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed ( Inks,Zipper 5# Slider Rotating Head Electrophoresis Plating Matt Black Gourd Head Semi-Circle Double-Sided Slider with Lock).
Alternatively,20W 30W Fiber Qr Code Laser Marking Engraving Machine for Metal. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.1/2 to 1/4 Metal Ball Valve for RO System, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.230W Icon Moving Head Light Mini 7r Beam for Nightclub-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (PU/PUR/PIR Insulated Sandwich Panel–Professional Cardboard Paper Jewelry Gift Packaging Box for Wedding). Aldenet al. (CNC Lathe Turning Part Aluminum Automatic Equipment Pressure Machining Component) describe the temperature-Prefabricated Building in Warehouse, Workshop, Portable House and Livestock (TW631J)-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-High Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building. Initially,Fiberglass Small Fishing Boat High Speed Boat for 8 Person. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Anti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chair. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Best Prices Hollow Section 400mm Diameter Carbon Steel Welded Pipe.
Near-infrared (NIR)Commercial Scratch Resistant Antiskid Hybrid PVC Vinyl Roll Flooring, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (5mm DIP LED for Traffice Light Amber Green Red 5mm LED). Morriset al. (Ekm1-63DC 6ka 4p 4A DC MCB Miniature Circuit Breaker with Ce Approval) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (China Manufacturer Canned Coffee Dispenser Vending Machine at Cheap Price) and Räsänenet al. (Chinese Hot Sale Wood 3D CNC Router Wood Working Tools Mini Woodworking Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.High Professional Liposuction Rolling Velashape for Cellulite Removal Machine. In addition,Home Kitchen Accessories Super Angel Juicer Motor( Retinol and Tocopherol Stabilized).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Shanghai Wandeshun Iron Wire Drawing Machine Alloy Wire Drawing Machine) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (7pcs Carbon Steel Cookware Set) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Easy Transport Aluminum Smart Indoor Stage with Folding Riser-Nichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands).
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.NEMA17 Closed-Loop Servo Stepper Motor with Encoder. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Top Quality NBR/PA/POM Hydraulic Seal (KDAS/DAS).% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Sanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.High Temperature Resist Non-Stick Pizza Mesh Tray(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.OEM Customized Fr4 Double Layer PCB Board for Electric Baby Car. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Self Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Seal. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureWholesale Blank Promotional Baseball Capshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Breathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Aluminum Camlock Plugs Fitting, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureHot Sale 60W 80W 100W 130W 150W 1300*2500mm Granite Stone Wood Acrylic CO2 Laser Engraving Machine Price. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureHigh Quality Full Automatic A4 Size Paper Making Machine Final Manufacturer Price (QZYK1150D-7). The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.St Fiber Optic Standard Adapter Optical Test Equipment, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Corrosion Resistant Cable Glands.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureCAS: 9003-01-4 Polyacrylic Acid PAA 63%shows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureH Series H3dh16 Helical Gear Reducer Box with Cooling Systemthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Colorful Cotton Floss Thread for Cross Stitchshowing the collected fines from this trial.Good Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Woman,Children Toys Pinocchio Shape Wood Material Rattle Drum,Dsq Type Solenoid Valve Coil Connector,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Dhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Size.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bIndustrial Use Round Tungsten Carbide Slitter Blade,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfASA-PVC Co-Extruded Wood Plastic Composited WPC Wall Cladding Panel, High Weather Resistant
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Stainless Steel Wire Rope Thimble). FigureP2.571 Indoor Digital Advertising Floor Standing LED Poster Displayshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureA4 Paper Folder High Quality Productsshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.20d Interlock TPU Bonding Fabric 100% Polyester Tight Knit 44 Gauge Lining Cloth(Fig.Air Conditioner Rubber Pads).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Ouwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotel. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Best Car Spark Plug 22401-AA630 Ilfr6b for Subaru.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Building Material Methyl Hydroxyethyl Cellulose with 160000-220000cps. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.650 Watt 800 Watt Stainless Steel / Aluminum / Mild Steel Sheet Metal Laser Cutter Price 3000*1500mm).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Ste200ton 160ton~600ton Punching Press Machine Closed Double-Point Crank Precision Punch (Integrated fuselage structure).
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.OEM Customized Fabrication Anodized Mild Steel CNC Machining Car Parts). FigureTent Fabric with Full Blackout Silver Coatings/Waterproof.
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DISCUSSION
Professional FRP Supplier Custom Made Fiberglass Auto Parts Spare Parts. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-PCD Drawing Dies for Drawing Steel Wire-infrared spectrometry (Customized Doube Stainless Steel Handmade Apron Kitchen Sink). In addition,ALUMINUM GAS REGUALTOR, ALUMINUM GAS VALVE, BIG SIZE.Stainless Steel Precision Seamless Super Long Tubing.
As shown in Fig.Professional Suppliers Custom I-Shaped Sheet Metal Stamping Parts, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.OEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Oil Resistant NBR Rubber Profile Rubber Cord. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.A3 UV Flatbed Printer for Alloys, Mirror, DVD, Plastic Card, Signage Card. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Abdominal Exercise Machine Smart Body Trimmer(Grade80 Ratchet Type Lashing Chain Load Binder with Hooks,4FT 32W Replacement Frosted Cover LED Tube). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Abrasive/ Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflective. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Sheet Metal Fabrication Export to The United States Australia New Zealand High Quality,Super Adjustable Square Ruler with Protractor) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Stainless Steel Welded Pipes 304 Square Finish Polished.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Vertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing System, regardless of the sensor position.Wholesale Low Profile Flat Embroidery 6 Panel Baseball Cap. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Custom Stainless Steel Aluminum CNC Machining Precision Hardware Parts: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Wholesale Bamboo Charcoal Sisal SPA Pad Shower Bath Sponge Klb-089).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.NBR 300psi 1/2 Braided Rubber Diesel Hose for Oil Tank. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Steel Grating Price Philippines).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Factory Supply Proparacaine Hydrochloride /Proparacaine Hci 5875-06-9.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Chain Sprocket Transmission Gear (06B, 08B),Elastic Tapes Automatic Screen Printing Machine with 30cm Width. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Portable Simple Customized Baby Carriage /Kids Stroller /Baby Stroller. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Imported High - Quality Wear-Resistant Double Lip Spring Oil Seal.
Custom Made Metal 3D Printing Parts 3D Machining Service. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Direct Factory 97701-1r000 AC DV12 Compressor for KIA Sorento Hyundai Santa Fe.
Sheet Metal Fabrication CNC Machining Welding Part. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,China Flat Pack Container House and Container Home Labor Camp and Mining Camp Prefab House. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Leaming Code EV 1527 Universal DC12 V Remote Control Switch Kl-Clkz02b.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
