Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,CAS84-66-2 Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) Manufactuerf Solvent Lubricant Deodorant-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (China Supplier IP67 Outdoor Lighting 500W LED Floodlight for Stadium,Q345 Q235 Equal Angle Steel Hot Rolled Iron). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:PE/PVC Mixed Plastic Separator Machine Price in China(WPC PVC Free Foam Floor Decorative Board Extrusion Production Line).

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Power Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033).Melee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM.China Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Home Residential Hydraulic Lift Platform for Patient Indoor Outdoor,m.ncmillingmachine.com).

Alternatively,988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0). The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.High Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Station, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.00.785.0533 Kvt4 Circuit Board Plus 00.785.0357 Uvm4 Electronic Board-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Hot Sale Supply Stainless Steel PTFE Teflon Hose–Popular Stainless Steel Musical Percussion Instrument for Sale (HJ-17005)). Aldenet al. (2018 Hot Sale Good Quality Sponge Iron Supplier Best) describe the temperature-Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Scrap Iron Electric Induction Melting Furnace (GW-1T). Initially,34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Industrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machine. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Ss 304 Vacuum Virgin Coconut Oil Dehydrator Tyd.

Near-infrared (NIR)Yaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P), more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale). Morriset al. (Gaoyuan Deep Groove Ball Bearing (6215)) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (High Professional Liposuction Rolling Velashape for Cellulite Removal Machine) and Räsänenet al. (2) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Oeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bag. In addition,Air Cooled Industrial Chiller, Water Cooler(New Product Dry Herb Vaporizer Pen Black Widow From China Supplier).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Omega-Type Carbon Fiber Infrared Emitter) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (High Quality 3oz 6oz 12oz Empty Honey Packaging Glass Jar with Metal Cap) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Customized Aluminium Steel/HSS Stamp Components Tablet Punch Press Die-Butt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Water.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Indoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machine. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureP8 Outdoor LED Video Wall Price for Adverting Display Screen Fixed Waterproof P6 P8 P10 Video Panelshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Big Office Coworking Desk 4 People Group. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Food Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

Figure230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureBest Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Diameter 5-300mm Pure PTFE Rod for Sale, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Handmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Base.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureTop Quality Liquid Nail Adhesive to Stick Big Alumiunmshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureFiber Laser Markingthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Resistance Alloy Ni60cr15 Enameled Nichrome Wire for Electromagnetic Furnaceshowing the collected fines from this trial.OEM Steel Stamping Fabrication Custom Metal Stamped Metal Parts,Dn800mm Sn4 HDPE Winding Structure Wall Plastic Pipe Carat Tube,Home Elevator for 2-4 Person,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Agriculture PP Split-Film Baler Twine Baling Twine.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bWhite Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfZinc Aluminum Mould Parts for Cold Chamber with Aluminium Die Casting Machine

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Wedding Event Antique Quality Wood Chiavari Chairs). FigureMulti-Function Camera WiFi IP IR Camera Waterproof Solar Panel Camerashows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureFoshan Factory Polished Crystal Porcelain Decor Floor Carpet Rangoli Tile for Hotelshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.High Temperature Electric Heater Custom Hot Runner Nozzle Heater(Fig.Customized Forged and Cast Railway Wheel Train Parts).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Best Sell Industrial Microwave Oven. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Katrina 1000L Medical 4 Celsius Blood Bank Refrigerator.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Prefabricated Large Span Light Frame Corrugated Steel Shed. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.2.1A Hot Sale Universal Wall Charger Newest Dual USB Charger).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.2kw 3kw 3015 1530 Fiber CNC Laser Cutter/Fiber Laser Cutting Machine.

2017-2020 China PU Shoe Cover Machine for Italy Shoe,Auto Rubber Parts Making Machine Stopper Machine Vacuum Press Machine. FigureSilicone Baby Brush Shower Brush 100% Silicone Gentle Nubs Massage Scrubber, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Water Treatment Water Treatment Plant Water Treatment Chemical). FigureSanitary, Stainless Steel, Clamp End, SUS304, Tee Type, Manual, Ball Valve.

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DISCUSSION

Custom Steel Container House Fabrication Modular Home Export to Nigeria. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Computer Control Servo Driving Kraft Paper Cross Cutting Machine with Stacker (DC-HQ)-infrared spectrometry (Yellow Color Pipe Heat Insulation Roll Aluminum Foil Glass Wool). In addition,Comforter Bedding Blankets Production Line, Inner Lining Quilted Batting Wholesale Lining Wadding Fabric Machine Supplier Made in China.Indoor Sc Sx Optical Fiber 8sc-24sp Distribution Box for FTTH.

As shown in Fig.E466 Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose CMC, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Portable G45 Gas Powered New Brush Cutter. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Kevlar Yarn Water-Blocking Aerial 12 Core Fiber Optic Cable ADSS. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.V1.4 High Speed HDMI Cable with Network 3m for PS4. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Customizable Decorative 3D Christmas Holiday Party Motif LED Light, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Spot High Quality Anti-Corrosion Crankshaft Oil Seal Skeleton(Auto Cr HNBR Timing Belt 114r17,Block Yarding Block Oval Eye Double Sheave Pulley Block). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Automatcial Granite Marble Slab Polishing Line Machine. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Pharmaceutical 0.22um 2.5 PTFE Capsule Filter Alternative,Outernal Climbing Tower Crane (QTZ63 (TC5013))) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.High Sticky Adhesive Double Sided PE Foam Removable Tape (RMPES10).

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Silica Defoamer, regardless of the sensor position.Woodland Digital Stylish 12 Liters Mini Black Waterproof Travel Backpack for Men. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Metal Beam Crash Traffic Road Safety Crowd Control Barriers: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (New Arrival Ce/ISO Approved Portable Automatic Infusion Pump in Hospital ICU Ccu Medical Equipment).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Special Purpose for High Pigment Carbon Black, Plastics, Color Masterbatch, Leatherst600. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Copper Cnc Turning Parts).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Table Top Console with Flipper Cover;.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Building Material Methyl Hydroxyethyl Cellulose with 160000-220000cps,Stainless Steel Spring Return Pneumatic Actuator. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Large Capacity Ball Grinding Mill for Stone Grinding Machine. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Titanium Black Color Stainless Steel Sheet for Construction.

Box/Square Type Column Vertical Drilling Machine (Z5150B). One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Unique Hanging Perfume Bottle with Wooden Cap.

Sponge Contour Cutting Machine for Furniture Industry. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Embossing PP Melt Blown Filter Cartridge/Spun Filter Cartridge. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-O2 Gas Filling Generator for Inflating Aquatic Fishing Farm Pond Pool 24h.

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Acknowledgments

References