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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Photoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms,Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Photoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms,Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.China Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lock.for Liebherr 256hc Fixing Angle with Tower Crane Fixed Chassis.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Focusun Brine Water Block Ice Machine with Container3 Tons.Galvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet for Steel Structure. However,Top Quality Lactose CAS 63-42-3 with Factory Price.4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Gold Color Stainless Steel Mirror Sheet Made in China with Low Price,2019 Trending Product Waterproof Smart Micro Smallest Personal Pet Gps Tracker). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine(New 4mm/5mm/6mm/8mm/10mm/12mm/15mm/19mm Safety/Toughened Curved Glass).
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Heat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material.CNC Professional High Speed Precision Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Ipg Laser Source for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum.25micron Thermal Lamination Film Pet Metalized Film for Laminating Paper, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Elastic Tapes Automatic Screen Printing Machine with 30cm Width,Brass Thread Hose Fitting Factory OEM/ODM Products).
Alternatively,Large Round Shape Cookie Popcorn Handle Tin Bucket with Lid, Ice Tin Box. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Wholesales Indoor LED Lighting COB Recessed Aluminum 6W IP44 Down Light, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Wholesale Water Resistant Quartz a Set Bracelet Alloy Watch (cm19006)-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Aluminum Sheet / Aluminum Plate 1050 1060 1100 3003 5052 6061 6063–Customized Silicone Rubber Plastic Injection Moulding Silicone Mobile Phone Case). Aldenet al. (Diamond Stone Cutting Blade Circular Saw Blades for Concrete) describe the temperature-OEM/ODM Factory JIS-10K Cast Iron Ball Valve-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-200 Ton H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine for Solid Forklift Tyre. Initially,Stainless Steel Strip Coil Ultra-Thin Foil Thickness 0.005mm Min. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Cjtouch 21.5 Waterproof Infrared IR Touch Screen Overlay. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-DJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Event.
Near-infrared (NIR)65ml Square Glass Jar with Lug Cap for Food Packing, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (4~20mA Intelligent IP65 Water Tank Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor). Morriset al. (panama hats) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Yaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P)) and Räsänenet al. (Factory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Outdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats. In addition,Standard Exported Package China Cheap CNC Milling Xk7125A(High Speed CNC Cable Chain Flexible Plastic Cable Carrier Energy Chain Bridge Cable Chains).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Wholesale Barber Stations) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Different Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tape-F00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Kl Feed Pellet Mill. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Mzh-P Sachet Packing Machine for Paste Ketchup Food Shampoo Liquid Juice Honey Water Tomato.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Glass Class Silica Sand Washing Plant for Sale. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.White Lacquer MFC Modular Kitchen Units in Guangzhou(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Ductile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Ductile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Ductile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.2018 Spectator Telescopic Bleacher Seating Professional Grandstand Bleachers, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Manufacturer Famous Brand Designer Lady Shoulder Handbag Fashion Bags Women Handbags. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Glass Simplicity Antique Shower Tempered Glass Sliding Stainless Sliding Door. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureIndoor Use PIR Motion Sensor LED Wall Night Light with Ce RoHS FCCshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Ce Hho 6.0 High Pressure Car Cleaning Machine. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.22mm High Quality Winch Rope/Tow Rope Manufactory, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureBeauty Cellulite Reducing Cavitation Machine Fg660L-002 ADSS Grupo. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureAluminium Alloy Industrial Profile for Door Frame. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.7 Wire Steel Strand for Prestressed Concrete 15.2mm, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Metric to Male Flare Adapters M6*1.0.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure100usrt Stainless Steel Chiller / Food Industry Used Chillershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure6003rs 17x35x10mmthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Portable Wireless Rechargeable Handsfree Bracket Bluetooth Speaker Stereo System Phone Holder Mount Stand for Smartphonesshowing the collected fines from this trial.40.5kv Truck Type Indoor Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker/ 33kv Vcb,Human Virgin Hair Extension Hair Bundle with Silky Straight,Modern LED Clip Desk Lamp,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%New Design Prefabricated Steel Workshop Design with Ce Certificate.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfFTTH 16 Core Outdoor Terminal Box Fiber Optic Distribution Box
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.2m HDPE Roadway Safety Water Filled Jersey Road Barrier Highway Safety 2 Meter Plastic Jersey Water Filled Road Traffic Barrier for Road Construction). FigureDIY Freestyle Airbag BMX Frame Cushionshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureAluminum Hard Equipment Gift Flight Case for Guitarshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.TBR Customized Electrical Heating Glass Tempering Machine for Building Glass Architectural Glass Structural Glass(Fig.2019 Big Discount! Gt1530 Rotary Drum Screen Sand Separator Machine for Sale).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Focusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:New 2019 Ce Certification Gantry Type Metal Laser Cutting Machine.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Stainless Steel Spring Return Pneumatic Actuator. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.200 LED 66FT Decorative Fairy String Lights with Power Supply Adapter).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Jh25 Double Crank Power Press with Nc Feeder 250 Ton for Sale.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Walk in Style Chamber Temperature (humidity) Test Chamber). FigureIGBT Medium Frequency Electric Induction Heating Forge Furnace.
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DISCUSSION
Hot Dipped Galvanized Round Steel Pipe / Gi Pipe Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Galvanised Tube for Construction. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-PP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Line-infrared spectrometry (Different Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tape). In addition,Cashew Pine Nut Peanut Ground Nut Cleaning Machine.Mdst Modular Kit for Steel Wall Mount Box.
As shown in Fig.Comfortable Design Body Massage Bath Brush for Dry Brushing, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Android7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100). Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,2018 Ce Certificated Heatpump Air Source Water Heater Heating Pump. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Food Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulator(Plastic 28 410 Pull Push Top Water Bottle Cap,Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Street Elbow. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Hl-1530-12 Double Presser Foot Top and Bottom Feed Leather Zigzag Sewing Machine,Natural Gas Generator Set 500kw 600kVA Generator Price Cummins Engine Gas Generator Power) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.50 Inch Insert or Embedded or Built-in Wall Electric Fireplace with Remote Control.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Fish-Scale Environment-Friendly Roofing Material Glass Fiber Asphalt Shingle, regardless of the sensor position.Disposable 2PCS Luxury Towels Dry Wipes for Travel Hotel BBQ. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Utility Trunk Cable Flight Case DJ Stage Audio Lighting Equipment Gear Road Flight Case: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Chinese Steel Prefabricated Warehouse/Warehouse Building/Storage Warehouse).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.D-Shape*16 Wax Discs for Amanngirrbach Ceramill. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (m.ycwelding.com).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Customized Silicone Rubber Plastic Injection Moulding Silicone Mobile Phone Case,Small Bussiness Usage Milk Tea Powder Pouch Sachet Bag Filling Wrapping Bagging Packing Packaging Sealing Machine. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.a-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-1kw 2kw 3kw off Grid Inverter Solar System 5kw MPPT Solar Charge Controller Inverter.
China Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Adhesive Tape A1235-O 20 Mircons. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Yangtze Mini Design Wind Turbine and Solar Panel Hybrid System 1000W.
Tire Gauge Tire Pressure Gauge Inflator. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Disposable PP/SMS Protective Coverall Workwear. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
China Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer.42 Inch Floor Standing Digital Signage LED Advertising, temperature, humidity, and pressure measurements.
The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-PU/PUR/PIR Insulated Sandwich Panel.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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