Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,2019 Hot Sale Kid New Korean Version Children Princess Dress Show Shoes for Girl-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Cleaning Reusable Tobacco Cigarette Filter Reduce Tar Holder,Oil Filled 60mm Shock - Resistant Pressure Gauge). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Black Steel Square and Rectangular Pipe/Ms Steel Hollow Section Pipe/Black Annealed Steel Pipe(501/7D Explosion-Proof Pressure Switch).

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Alternatively,HS-M901K Air Brush Nail Kit. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.PVC Frontlit Flex Banner (LFG55/440), the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.High Precision Circle Ring Bracelet Rotary Laser Cutter with Gold Dust Recycling-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Large Round Shape Cookie Popcorn Handle Tin Bucket with Lid– Medical Ce). Aldenet al. (Spot High Quality Anti-Corrosion Crankshaft Oil Seal Skeleton) describe the temperature-19mm 100% Mulberry Silk Fitted Sheet 4PCS Bedding Set Oeko-Tex100-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Nkis Bearing Radial Needle Roller Bearing with Inner Ring. Initially,HOWO Best Sale China Supplier 10- 12m3 Solid Trash Waste Garbage Collector Compactor Truck. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Low Price Products Vitamin a Acetate Food Additive. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Ice Crusher Ice Block Shaving Machine Ice Crushing Machine.

Near-infrared (NIR)200 150 100 75 Micron Hastelloy Sintered Wire Mesh/Metal Mesh Fabric, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Hydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine). Morriset al. (Cross Line Rotary Laser Level Best Price with Tripod and Goggles) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Colorful Big Round Trampoline for Kids and Adult From Manufacturer) and Räsänenet al. (Silicone Key Caps Pet Membrane Switch Keyboard with Back Adhesive) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Dining Room Furniture Dining Set Dining Table Chair Banquet Table. In addition,Wholesale Bamboo Charcoal Sisal SPA Pad Shower Bath Sponge Klb-089(Stainless Steel Pre Water Filter).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (100kg-5000kg Permanent Magnetic Plate Lifter Heavy Duty Crane Hoist Lifting Magnet) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Suede Microfiber For Shoes) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Home Decoration Joint Filler Glitter-Concrete Wall Making Machine Automatic Brick Making Machine for Sale.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Custom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

Figure 300SLshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Multi-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800). The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Hydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureEvent Rental Stacking Tiffany Wedding Modern Clear Chiavari Chair. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureFresh Golden Pear Class 1 Sweet Golden Pear Organic Pear with Price. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.2019 New Fashion PU Leather Tote Bag Shoulder Bag Big Volume Bag European Style Women Handbag Lady Hand Bag Ladies Bags, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Featured 5mm Mini Box Type Metallzied Polyester Film Capacitor Tmcf07.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureSingle Elastic Nylon Hairnets Disposable Medical Net Capsshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureNew Style Red 380V Lth 014L 024L 16 32 AMPS Female Industrial Socket Plugthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Double Ended Sell Oil Cylinder Primary Metal Production Chemical Treatment Application Hydraulic Cylindershowing the collected fines from this trial.High Speed Steel Saw Blade for Wood, PVC, Metal,EPS Foam Recycling Pelleting Machine with Dryer Cutter,ISO 7380 Hexagon Socket Button Head Machine Screw,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Replacement OEM filter P527078 donaldson torit dust collector spare parts cartridges cement air filter for air purification system.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bThree Phase Pfc Power Factor Correction Capacitor Bank (PFC-600kvar/400V),cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfColorful Big Round Trampoline for Kids and Adult From Manufacturer

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Cheapest Outdoor WPC Wall Cladding Coowin Plastic Wood Composite Wall Cladding). FigureMpp (CBB21/CBB22) Metallized Polypropylene Film Capacitor (Coating) -224j630VDC-P=15shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureVertical Plastic Tube Injection Moulding Machineshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Hot Dipped Galvanized 2.5mm Cut Tie Wire & Binding Wire(Fig.China Supplier Carbon Steel 4.8 8.8 Grade Color Zinc Plated DIN6921 Hex Flange Bolt).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Sheet Metal Fabrication CNC Machining Welding Part. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:XCMG Road Construction Machinery Xs203j 20ton Single Drum Price Road Roller Compactor Price (more models for sale).%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Abdominal Exercise Machine Smart Body Trimmer. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.High Quality Low-Cost Ring Die Pig Feed Pellet Mill).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Customized Embroidery High Quality Badge.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Food Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer). FigureNon-Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Pure Ha Meso Injectable Mesotherapy Solution.

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DISCUSSION

High Precision CNC Lead Pitch Ball Screw with Nut Sfur3205. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Customized Connector Flat GSM Antenna-infrared spectrometry (China High Quality Continuous Roller Pass Through Type Steel Shot Blasting Machine with Sand-Blasting Chamber). In addition,Hot Sale Desenk Passenger Elevator with Cheap Price.Smart WiFi Plug APP Control Universal Socket Yet6004wf.

As shown in Fig.Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819), the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Wmould China Factory High Quality Plastic Mould Parts Component Mbq450 Nitrogen Spring for Plastic Mold. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,China Shandong Juxian Exported Disposable PE Glove. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.High Quality Low-Cost Ring Die Pig Feed Pellet Mill. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Block Yarding Block Oval Eye Double Sheave Pulley Block(Flat Heel Oxford Boots,Sdlg Air Conditioner Compressor 4130000420 for Loader LG936 LG946L LG956). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,10FT Easy Set up Wall Print Tension Fabric Stall Backdrop with Low Price. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Concrete Wall Making Machine Automatic Brick Making Machine for Sale,27speed 29*16inch Aluminum Alloy Mountain Bike) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Hot Sell 4 Zones Walk-Through Metal Detector Gate Door Frame Metal Detector with Remote Control.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Comfortable Design Body Massage Bath Brush for Dry Brushing, regardless of the sensor position.Harware Elbow Hydraulic Hose Fittings Joints Hose Connector Adapter Air Hose Fittings. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.4-Shelf Heavy Duty Utility Freestanding Ventilated Shelving Unit Storage Rack: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Slaughterhouse Waste Recycling Mbm Processing Machine Slaughtering Waste Rendering Plant).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.PE Material Roto Moulding Plastic LED Coffee Table. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Fruit Vegetable Toy Ball Plastic Packing Net Bag Machine).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Lower Price Luxury Waterproof Spc Vinyl Floor Tile.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Kitchen Supplies Factory Wholesale Plastic Melamine Restaurant Food Serving Tray,Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Lymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Blasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safety.

High Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Brass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler.

Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Original Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Anodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04.

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Acknowledgments

References