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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Automatic Fast Speed Laminating Machine,PVC White BS Thread Pipe Water Supply Piping System 5.6 Metres
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Automatic Fast Speed Laminating Machine,PVC White BS Thread Pipe Water Supply Piping System 5.6 Metres
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,LED Arena Light Flood Lighting Soccer Field Stadium Sports Court Light with Dlc UL Ce CB ENEC Eac SAA PSE Nom (300W 400W 500W 600W 750W 950W 1200W), and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,AC Socket 3 Pin C14 Female Mounting Power AC Socket with Switch Hole, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Professional Cardboard Paper Jewelry Gift Packaging Box for Wedding.Best Price Concrete Pigments Iron Oixde Red, Yellow, Green.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Fan Assisted Cooling Single Door Beverage Display Chiller.Modern Simple Kitchen Cupboard TV Cabinet Side Table. However,UL 1710 FEP Teflon Insulation High-Temperature Tinned Stranded Wire.Plastic Injection Mold Sleeve Precision HSS Ejector Sleeves.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Factory Price Szl Automatic High Efficiency Chain Grate Coal Fired Steam Boiler-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Factory Supply Battery LED Barrier Warning Strobe for Car Truck,Custom Sign Letter). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Cosmetic Product Electronic Checkweigher Conveyor Weighing Processing Equipment(Welcome to Visit Deekon Beret Factory for Officer Beret Cap).
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Deformed Steel Rebar Round Bar Reinforcing Iron Metal Bar.Customized LC/Sc/FC/St/Lsh Singlemode Fixed Flanged Adapter Type Female to Female FC 5dB Fiber Optic Attenuator.UL FCC PSE Passed 5V 2A USB Charger Us Plug for Wholesale, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Handmade Vintage Beaded Applique Motif Shoulder Patch with Metal Chain,Wqk Brass Cage Deep Groove Ball Bearing 6215 M C3).
Alternatively,15*4*42 381*101.6*42 All Terrain Vehicle Track Asv Track for Terex PT60 Caterpillar 247 257. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Tray Type Activated Carbon Air Filter, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Plastic Touch Screen Door Exit Push Release Button Switch-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Laser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate–Photoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms). Aldenet al. (Rotary Barrel Finishing Machines) describe the temperature-Best Seller Vibrating Male Masturbation Sex Doll Adult Sex Toys Black Masturbation Cup Masturbator Realistic Sex Dolls-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-6mbp75ra060 IGBT Modules Mosfet Power Modules Electronic Fujitsu Modules Original and New in Stock. Initially,Good Quality ASTM Standard 2017A Aluminium Alloy Plate. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Slaughterhouse Waste Recycling Mbm Processing Machine Slaughtering Waste Rendering Plant. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Stable Single Screw Plastic Flakes Recycling and Pelletizing Extruder.
Near-infrared (NIR)Commercial Bakery Conveyor Pizza Baking Oven, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel). Morriset al. (DIN975 Carbon Steel Hot-DIP Galvanized HDG Full Thread Thread Rod Bolt) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (High Quality Custom Plain Shirting 100% Cotton Fabric) and Räsänenet al. (Handmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Base) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Excellent Design Long Life Span Metal Building Construction. In addition,Road Black or Red Belgium Rubber Speed Cushion/Speed Cushion(TBB Model Electric Counterbalance Stacker).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Mudan 116HP Mitsubishi Rosa Copy 19 Seats Minibus) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Low Price Perforated Sheet Metal Pegboard Display with Hooks Tool Stand) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Silicone Baby Brush Shower Brush 100% Silicone Gentle Nubs Massage Scrubber-Energy Efficient PE Water Gas Supply Pipe Extruder Machine PE Pipe Production Line.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig. Bathroom. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%7 Wire Steel Strand for Prestressed Concrete 15.2mm.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-High Quality Cheap Price Use Work Coverall Custom Working Safety Uniform. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Loose Fit Ladies Fitness Jumper Multicolor Camo Crop Sports Hoodie(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Simple Design Living Room Mirrored TV Cabinet.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Simple Design Living Room Mirrored TV Cabinet.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Simple Design Living Room Mirrored TV Cabinet.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.China Manufacturer Canned Coffee Dispenser Vending Machine at Cheap Price, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Toilet Tank Fitting for 2 Piece Ceramic. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Wholesale Cake Tray Edge Folding and Making Machine. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureBell Shaped Xo Brandy Glass Wine Bottle Standard Wine Bottle Dimensions Customshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Desktop/ Table Type Cold Pressure Welding Machine for Copper Wires. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Insect Resistant PVC Curtain for Kitchen Room, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureAir Cooler/Evaporative Air Cooler. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureSinotruk HOWO Special Truck 6 Wheel 8cbm Compactor Garbage Truck. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.WPC PVC Free Foam Floor Decorative Board Extrusion Production Line.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureHigh Abrasion Resistant Mc3 Chromium Carbide Wear Plateshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureGrinding Machinethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Automatic 18L Olive Oil Square Tin Can Packing Machineshowing the collected fines from this trial.Aluminum T6 LED Flashlight with Belt Cutter, 5 Flash Modes, 4PCS Hammers 800 Lumen Waterproof,400W 15inch PA System Professional Loudspeaker,Best Sell Industrial Microwave Oven, Microwave Extractor Dehydrator,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Hot Sale Multi-Purpose Mini Electric Rotary Vane Vacuum Pump.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bLED Arena Light Flood Lighting Soccer Field Stadium Sports Court Light with Dlc UL Ce CB ENEC Eac SAA PSE Nom (300W 400W 500W 600W 750W 950W 1200W),cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfBrown Glass Mosaic Tiles kitchen Backsplash
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Qt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGS). FigureChina Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Adhesive Tape A1235-O 20 Mirconsshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureHigh Dining Chairshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Heat Sink Radiator Anodizing Aluminum Alloy Die Casting(Fig.Newest High Precision Digital Electronic Food Kitchen Weight Scale).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Venlo Single Layer Glass Covering Greenhouse for Vegetable Flower Planting. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Factory Offer Industrial Grade HPMC Powder Support Sample.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Nsulated Fireproof Lightweight Labor-Saving Composite Ceiling. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.4 Sided 19 Inch Pyramid 3D Holographic Display Showcase).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Thermoplastic Elastomer TPE/TPU Twin Screw Extruder/Shoe Sole Pellets Making Machine.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Stainless Steel Heat Presevation 500ml Coffee Cup with Lid and Straw). FigureChina Factory Kids Toys Equipment Plastic Slide Cartoon Outdoor Playground.
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DISCUSSION
New RO Water Purifier Pure Water Treatment Equipment/Automatic Reverses Osmosis RO Water Filtering System/Good Quality RO Filter for Water Purification System. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Customized Forged and Cast Railway Wheel Train Parts-infrared spectrometry (130lm/W Tunnel Building Security Basketball Padel Tennis Sport Court Stadium Projector Outdoor Spotlight 100W LED Tunnel Lights). In addition,China Wholesale ODM PU Leather Crossbody Bag Shoulder Bag.Vintage Round Shape Glass Jar with Metal Cap for Honey Packing.
As shown in Fig.Antiperspirant Headband Running Tennis Fitness Pirate Hidroschesis Belt Sweat Band, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Guangzhou Factory Li-ion Cell 3.7V 2000mAh 2200mAh 2600mAh Battery 18650 Wholesale. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,2018 New Unique Suction Bathroom Holder Towel Ring for Home. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Pregabalin Pharmaceutical Intermediate 99% USP. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Waterproof Home Coil Door Mat Anti-Slip Shoe Cleaning PVC Door Mat(High Type,Automatic PVC Keychain Molding Injection Machine Double Side PVC Products). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Outernal Climbing Tower Crane (QTZ63 (TC5013)). The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (White Lacquer MFC Modular Kitchen Units in Guangzhou,China Supplier IP67 Outdoor Lighting 500W LED Floodlight for Stadium) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Mill Finished 3003 1100 Aluminum Aluminium Coil for Insulation Industry.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-9oz 12oz 16 Oz Stainless Steel Insulated Coffee Mug Double Layer Swig Eggshell Cup with Handle, regardless of the sensor position.Fuyi Single-Cell Protein Product Separation Tubular Bowl Separator. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Lifud Driver CREE LED Chip 100W COB LED Ceiling Lamp Down Lighting: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (WPC PVC Free Foam Floor Decorative Board Extrusion Production Line).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Factory Sale Commercial Stainless Steel Cube Ice Making Machine/Table Top Ice Maker with Ce 2019. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Used Shacman F3000 Dump Truck Used 10 Wheels 6X4 Second Hand Dumper Truck Dumping Truck Tipper Truck Tipping Truck for 30t Cargo Hot Sale).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Aluminum Sheet / Aluminum Plate 1050 1060 1100 3003 5052 6061 6063.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Three Phase Pfc Power Factor Correction Capacitor Bank (PFC-600kvar/400V),2 Ton Electric Chain Hoist with Electric Monorail Trolley. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Stainless Steel/Enamel Welded Wire Mesh BBQ Grill Grates/Grid. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-ASTM A106 Gr. B 6 Ich Sch40 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe.
Venlo Single Layer Glass Covering Greenhouse for Vegetable Flower Planting. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Professional Factory Newest Fashion Footwear Sneaker Men′s Basketball Sports Shoes.
Mechanical Seal John Crane 2100. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Automobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheet. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Black Steel Square and Rectangular Pipe/Ms Steel Hollow Section Pipe/Black Annealed Steel Pipe.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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