Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Industrial AC POWER Air Compressor-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Private Label Fitness Wear 2020 New Fashion Women T-Shirt Custom Yoga Wear Women Gym Top Short Sleeve,Laser Engraving Machine Shenzhen). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Battery Case Die-Cast Aluminum Alloy Worm Gear Boxaluminum Extrusion Project Case Battery Sealed Junction Box PCB Mod Enclosure(Labor Saving Plastic Egg Basket Washing Machine Tray Cleaning Machine).

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Alternatively,Retro Metal Ice Chest Cooler Box Portable Cold Box for Outdoor. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Made in China 3 Axle 40cbm Cement Silo Trailer, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.DIY Fully Diamond Painting Embroidery Famous Car Zmc006-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Fashionable High Quality Garment Accessories Embroidery Patchs–Energy Saving Passenger Lift for Shopping Mall & Commercial Center). Aldenet al. (Popular Security Child Protective Item Baby Safety Cabinet Lock Cupboard Drawer Furniture Plastic Locks) describe the temperature-Syb-120 700 Position Point Solderless PCB Breadboard Protoboard 178mm*45mm-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Rubber Coating Diamond Wire Saw for Stone Cutting. Initially,12V 24V Diesel Engine Fuel Shut-off Generator Shutdown Solenoid Valve 2370-12e2u1b2a. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Industrial Use Round Tungsten Carbide Slitter Blade. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-2′′ Inch 40~110 L/Min Local Mechanical Display Diesel Fuel Flow Meter.

Near-infrared (NIR)Plastic Injection Moulds/Plastic Molding Dies Manufacturer, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (High Quality Ball Stopper Plunger with Spring for Pump). Morriset al. (Display Racks) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Ultra Portable 10000mAh Power Banks with LED Smart Displays) and Räsänenet al. (Rotary Screener for Wood Shavings) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Metal Aluminum Case Waterproof Shockproof Case for iPhone. In addition,Best Quality Far Infrared Physiotherapy Patch for Shoulder Joint(Metalizing Vacuum Coating Machine for Caps).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Cast Iron Containers) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Two Pole Circuit Breaker 2 Phase DC MCB-Acm/ ACP/ PVDF Exterior Wall Cladding Aluminium Composite Panel.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Flexible Decorative Wood Grain 12mm Compact Laminate Sheet. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureFloor Decoration PVC WPC Free Foam/Foaming Sheet/Board/Panel Extrusion Machineryshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,20W 30W Fiber Qr Code Laser Marking Engraving Machine for Metal. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.1/2 to 1/4 Metal Ball Valve for RO System, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

Figure230W Icon Moving Head Light Mini 7r Beam for Nightclub. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigurePrefabricated Building in Warehouse, Workshop, Portable House and Livestock (TW631J). The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.100W Die-Casting UFO LED High Bay Light, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.High Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure1-6mm Clear Sheet Glass Mirror for Makeup/Dressing/Furniture/Cabinetshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureVacuum Forming 900*2400 2mm Transparent PVC Sheetthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Custom Tapered Roller Bearing Manufacturers for Type 7 Bearing Outer Ringsshowing the collected fines from this trial.Fiberglass Small Fishing Boat High Speed Boat for 8 Person,Anti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chair,Best Prices Hollow Section 400mm Diameter Carbon Steel Welded Pipe,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Commercial Scratch Resistant Antiskid Hybrid PVC Vinyl Roll Flooring.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bStainless Steel Woven Wire Mesh Used for Decorate,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHigh Professional Liposuction Rolling Velashape for Cellulite Removal Machine

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Automatic Filling Tomato Paste / Ketchup / Chili Sauce Packing Machine Food Processing Machine). FigureG-800A/800b/1080A Automatic Box Window Film Sticking Machineshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureSqueegee Sharpenershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Home Kitchen Accessories Super Angel Juicer Motor(Fig.10W/13W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Light for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Clear Toughened Glass Pool Fence. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Easy Transport Aluminum Smart Indoor Stage with Folding Riser.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.3mm/6mm/9mm Packing Plywood with Cheap Price. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.High Demand Packaging Protecting BOPP Adhesive Tape).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Nichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands).

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Latest Sex Lady Doll Love Sex Face). FigureMetalizing Vacuum Coating Machine for Caps.

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DISCUSSION

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As shown in Fig.Good Quality ASTM Standard 2017A Aluminium Alloy Plate, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,OEM Customized Fr4 Double Layer PCB Board for Electric Baby Car. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Self Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Seal. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Breathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Aluminum Camlock Plugs Fitting(1325 CNC Router Machine Price,Stainless Steel Vacuum Continuous Belt Digital Gas Deep Fat Countertop Donut Fryer Machine Kc). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Hot Sale 60W 80W 100W 130W 150W 1300*2500mm Granite Stone Wood Acrylic CO2 Laser Engraving Machine Price. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Copper Aluminum Motorcycle Spare Parts CNC Machining and Titanium CNC Machining,Low Noise Panel Fan 280X280X80mm 220-240V AC 105W) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.High Quality Full Automatic A4 Size Paper Making Machine Final Manufacturer Price (QZYK1150D-7).

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Corrosion Resistant Cable Glands, regardless of the sensor position.Good Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Woman. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Children Toys Pinocchio Shape Wood Material Rattle Drum: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (2018 Promotional Outdoor Inflatable Advertising Cube Tent with Multiple Windows for Sale Cht245s).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Dsq Type Solenoid Valve Coil Connector. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Short Delivery Time Lug Wrench Torque Multiplier).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Dhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Size.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.ASA-PVC Co-Extruded Wood Plastic Composited WPC Wall Cladding Panel, High Weather Resistant,20d Interlock TPU Bonding Fabric 100% Polyester Tight Knit 44 Gauge Lining Cloth. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Best Car Spark Plug 22401-AA630 Ilfr6b for Subaru. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Ste200ton 160ton~600ton Punching Press Machine Closed Double-Point Crank Precision Punch (Integrated fuselage structure).

OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring.

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CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-ALUMINUM GAS REGUALTOR, ALUMINUM GAS VALVE, BIG SIZE.

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Acknowledgments

References