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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Natural Gas Generator Set 500kw 600kVA Generator Price Cummins Engine Gas Generator Power,200 LED 66FT Decorative Fairy String Lights with Power Supply Adapter
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Natural Gas Generator Set 500kw 600kVA Generator Price Cummins Engine Gas Generator Power,200 LED 66FT Decorative Fairy String Lights with Power Supply Adapter
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Luxury Classic TV Cabinet TV Stand for TV up to 78 Inches, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,New Design Fireplace Wood Holder, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Reusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tap.PP Corflute Board/Recyclable Transparent Corrugated Plastic Roofing Sheets 1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Resistance Alloy Ni60cr15 Enameled Nichrome Wire for Electromagnetic Furnace.Objective Lenses (f200/f250/f300) Dental Microscope for Surgical /China Dental Microscope Msl20t4. However,Small AC Fan Industrial Type Blower Exhaust Fan.Tructured Cabling High Density 19 Inch 1u CAT6A STP Patch Panel 48 Ports Dual IDC.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,FRP Pultrusion Pipe Mould-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Solar Power System 5000W for Home,Ball Screw Support Bearings). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies(Retro Metal Ice Chest Cooler Box Portable Cold Box for Outdoor).
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A1 A2 A3 Direct DTG Printer T-Shirt Printing Machine.Hot Products Aluminum Custom Casting and Forging Parts.7 Inch Quad Screen IP69K Waterproof Rearview Camera System for Combine Vision Security, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (OE A1645014782 High Quality Radiator Hose for Mercedes Benz W164,346mm High Quality Horizontal Wood Fast Cutting Band Saw Machine for Hot Sale).
Alternatively,Cast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.2, Tr Mini Flap Disc with Vsm Ceramic Grain, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Industrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipment-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Factory Direct Sale Vinyl Covering PVC Wallpaper Wall Decoration Waterproof–Self Contained Positive Pressure Air Breathing Apparatus Scba). Aldenet al. (Direct Factory 97701-1r000 AC DV12 Compressor for KIA Sorento Hyundai Santa Fe) describe the temperature-Kids Headphones Washable Fleece Headphones for Children Travel-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-High End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Board. Initially,Creative Mini Portable Polar Bear Shape Mute Desktop Air Humidifier. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Tungsten Carbide Flat Bottom Knife for Wood Cutting. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Air Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressor.
Near-infrared (NIR)G-800A/800b/1080A Automatic Box Window Film Sticking Machine, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Torque Arm Mounted Gear Unit with Hollow Shaft Reducer). Morriset al. (Ceiling Mount Outdoor Flood Lights) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Natural Gas Coupler and Equal Tee) and Räsänenet al. (UL Certificate LED Bathroom Wall Mirror with Touch Switch) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Colorful Cotton Floss Thread for Cross Stitch. In addition,Customized Color Powder Coated Aluminum Profile(Automatic Roofing Nail Making Machine in Nigeria).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (ISO 7380 Hexagon Socket Button Head Machine Screw) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Nisin) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.D Shape Listening Only Earpiece with 3.5mm Connector for Two Way Radio-Durable EPDM Lining Fire Hose with Storz Coupling.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.PVC Sports Hall Flooring Indoor Rubber Gym Floor China Manufacturer. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking, Vehicle Tracking. Asset Tracking. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Custom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureSlp-24/90 Lox/Lin/Lar/LNG Cryogenic Centrifugal Pump with Single Stageshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Witson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Pet Accessories Pet Collar Triangular Bandage Small Pet Neck Collar, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureBest Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureGarden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.100% Ultrafine Merino Wool Scarf for Gentlemen, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Rubber Dic Return Roller.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureCustomwer Brand Eco Wooden Cup Bamboo Cupshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureHydraulic Adapter Fittings Hose Fittingsthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig. Sz/Sm Series Performer Compressor for Freezershowing the collected fines from this trial.Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine,Custom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torch,Hot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocks,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bLuxury Classic TV Cabinet TV Stand for TV up to 78 Inches,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfCNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cutting
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Maufacturer 14PCS Combination Wrench Set). FigureProduction Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Towershows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureFamous Brand Full Automatic Large Capacity Egg Carton Forming Machineshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Hot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in China(Fig.Dining Room Furniture Dining Set Dining Table Chair Banquet Table).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.OEM CNC Milling Turning Lathing Customized Parts CNC Machining. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Ce ISO Hospital Single Arm Medical Electric Endoscopic Pendant.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Food Grade Aluminium Foil Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper for Fruit Nuts Snack Packaging).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Natural Rubber, Tire Recycled Rubber, Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surface.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.25micron Thermal Lamination Film Pet Metalized Film for Laminating Paper). FigureBlue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toys.
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DISCUSSION
Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler-infrared spectrometry (Mobility Foldable Adult Electric Scooters). In addition,Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819).World Flag Mini Car Flags.
As shown in Fig.Portable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,with Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock(Semi Solid Silicone Doll,Pneumatic Industrial Shock Absorbers for Pneumatic Mechanical Extraction Arm). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Customized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery,Factory Supply Proparacaine Hydrochloride /Proparacaine Hci 5875-06-9) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Shuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Stainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw, regardless of the sensor position.Portable Shelving Luggage Insert Rise Gear Organizers Travel Bag. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Progressive Stamping Tool for Motor Rotor Stator: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Hot! ! ! Aerial Work Platform Truck Mounted Boom Lift).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Ceiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (10 PVC Fabric Headache Medical Reusable Therapy Ice Bag).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring,Photoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll.
ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.China Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lock.
for Liebherr 256hc Fixing Angle with Tower Crane Fixed Chassis. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Focusun Brine Water Block Ice Machine with Container3 Tons. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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