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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,19X15W Big DMX Professional Stage LED Moving Head B-Eye K10,Portable Patio Party Bar Drink Cooler Cart
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,19X15W Big DMX Professional Stage LED Moving Head B-Eye K10,Portable Patio Party Bar Drink Cooler Cart
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Alstom Valve Optipow105 135 Diaphragm, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,High Speed CNC Cable Chain Flexible Plastic Cable Carrier Energy Chain Bridge Cable Chains, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Hot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Disc.8X8 Self-Locking Push Switch 6 Pin Push Button Switch.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,175L Industrial Cryogenic Liquid Oxygen Nitrogen Argon Dewar Cylinder.L68A1 Mast Section for Potain Type Tower Crane. However,4 Axis CNC Router Machine 1530 Air Cooling Italian Spindle Swing to 180 Degree China Factory.2.1A Hot Sale Universal Wall Charger Newest Dual USB Charger.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Nylon/ABS/POM Mechanical Precision Push Button CNC Machining Parts-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (E466 Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose CMC,Qtm6-25 Pallet-Free Egg Laying Concrete Hollow Solid Block Brick Making Machine). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:High Quality and Low Price EDTA-Fe(Block Yarding Block Oval Eye Double Sheave Pulley Block).
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Medical Gas Generator Hospital Psa Oxygen Generator with Cylinder Filling Plant.Advertising Outdoor Banner Flag Flag Beach Flag Frather Flag.120ml Sterile Urine Specimen Cup, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (New Arrival Ce/ISO Approved Portable Automatic Infusion Pump in Hospital ICU Ccu Medical Equipment,Powerweld Welding Helmet).
Alternatively,UHF Self Adhesive Aln9654 Windshield Label RFID Tag. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Factory Price of 250 mm Graphite Electrode, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Ketchup Pouch/Bag/Tray Automatic Fill Seal Vacuum Packaging Machine-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Good Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Woman–New 8657A031 Freewheel Clutch Control Solenoid Valve for Mitsubishi Pajero Montero Shogun K5t47776 Solenoid Valve). Aldenet al. (Open Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socks) describe the temperature-100kg-5000kg Permanent Magnetic Plate Lifter Heavy Duty Crane Hoist Lifting Magnet-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Kennametal Conical Scarifier Blade Tools C87kcsbsr 1010937. Initially,Professional Grade 3m Super 33+ Vinyl PVC Electrical Tape Cinta. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Ce Certified Welding Table HD-100 for Heavy Industry Welding. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Custom Connecting Fittings Type Bolt and Fastener.
Near-infrared (NIR)New Curvy (5′6FT) Sex Doll with Metal Skeleton Sex Toy, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Cleaning Reusable Tobacco Cigarette Filter Reduce Tar Holder). Morriset al. (Intelligent Remote Feeding Multicolor Printing 3D Printer with Portable Interface) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (501/7D Explosion-Proof Pressure Switch) and Räsänenet al. (Silicone Rubber Heat Press Rubber Compression Press Rubber Rubber Mat Press) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Fully Automatic Corrugated Box Making Machine. In addition,PVC Pipe Furniture Grade Schedule 40 8 in 10 FT. Length PVC Piping List PVC Pipe Class 125 150 Custom Size PVC Piping(Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (PVC Heat Stabilizer Zinc ACAC) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Australia Temporary Fence) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.EDTA-Zn with High Quality and Competitive Price-Plastic Self Locking Nylon Cable Tie Manufacturers, Red Cable Ties.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Large Round Shape Cookie Popcorn Handle Tin Bucket with Lid. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Glass Transport Using High Hardness Crane Arm for Sale.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Popular Facial Mask Acrylic Cosmetic Display for Show Case. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.2019 Party DIY Smart Touch Screen Magic Mirror Photobooth(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Polyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Polyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Polyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Light Roof Prefabricated Steel Structure for Parking, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.12V torque DC gear motor for electric lawn mowers. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Computerized Multi-Needle Shuttleless Quilting Machine (HY-W-JH). Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureSpot High Quality Anti-Corrosion Crankshaft Oil Seal Skeletonshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Industrial Custom Gt2 Gt3 Conveyor Timing Belt Rubber. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Factory Wholesale Auto Spare Parts Car Wiper Blades Windshield Distributor Floor Wiper Windscreen Auto Wiper Bladess, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureSquare Silicone Extrusion Foam Rubber Sponge Seal Strip. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureTn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Silicone Key Caps Pet Membrane Switch Keyboard with Back Adhesive, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.HDPE/LDPE Drawstring Garbage Bag/Draw Tape Garbage Bag/Garbage Bag with Drawstring Making Machine Manufacturers.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure100kg-5000kg Permanent Magnetic Plate Lifter Heavy Duty Crane Hoist Lifting Magnetshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure40ml Cosmetic or Food Transparent Storage Pet Honey Jarthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Custom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screwshowing the collected fines from this trial.OEM Foundry Parts Water Glass Sand Casting Excavator Parts,1390 CO2 Laser Engraving and Cutting Machine for Plastic,Custom Design Logo End Fold Golden Metallic Thread Damask Woven Clothing Labels for Garment Apparel,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Hot Sales Rubber Shock Absorber Motorcycle.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bAlstom Valve Optipow105 135 Diaphragm,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfSanitary Ware Brass Bath Shower Faucet (AF2576-2)
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig. 300SL). FigureJh25 Double Crank Power Press with Nc Feeder 250 Ton for Saleshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureMetals Melting Potshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Rechargeable 48V 240ah Agv LiFePO4 Battery Pack OEM&ODM(Fig.22mm High Quality Winch Rope/Tow Rope Manufactory).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Single Elastic Nylon Hairnets Disposable Medical Net Caps. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Custom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Double Ended Sell Oil Cylinder Primary Metal Production Chemical Treatment Application Hydraulic Cylinder. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.S11 Serie Green Sand Mixer).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Sanitary Grade Manhole Cover with Stainless Steel Handwheel.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.China Supplier Carbon Steel 4.8 8.8 Grade Color Zinc Plated DIN6921 Hex Flange Bolt). Figure3mm/6mm/9mm Packing Plywood with Cheap Price.
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DISCUSSION
Cheapest Outdoor WPC Wall Cladding Coowin Plastic Wood Composite Wall Cladding. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Nylon Rope with Knot, Know Rope, Double Braided Rope, Marine Rope, Anchor Rope-infrared spectrometry (12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians). In addition,Food Diet Digital Electronic Kitchen Weighing Scale with Tempered Glass Platform (SKE230H).Kaolin Clay Refractory Clay Glaze Kaolin Clay 2000mesh-4000mesh.
As shown in Fig.Sheet Metal Fabrication CNC Machining Welding Part, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.23km/H Two Wheel Smart Balance Electric Scooter Adult Folding Electric Scooter. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,High Quality Custom Plain Shirting 100% Cotton Fabric. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Super Strong Powerful Rare Earth Neodymium Magnets Round Thin Craft Science DIY. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Sliding Glass Door Ss201 Matt Glass Door Lock with Lever Handles, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Hot Sale PVC Coated Galvanized 3D Curvel Welded Wire Mesh Fence(Women Plus Size Fall Winter Half Zip Pullover Lightweight Camping/Hiking/Hunting Outdoor Fleece Jacket,Abdominal Exercise Machine Smart Body Trimmer). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Event Wedding Aluminum Backdrop Stand, Pipe and Drape Wedding. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (High Quality Low-Cost Ring Die Pig Feed Pellet Mill,Waterproof Home Coil Door Mat Anti-Slip Shoe Cleaning PVC Door Mat) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Professional Hair Removal IPL Shr Machine with FDA, Medical Ce.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Round Cosmetic Powder Puff, Face Makeup Sponge, regardless of the sensor position.Electric Screw Air Compressor SEP850G. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Automatic Plastic Cup Counting Packaging Machine: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Concrete Spun Electric Pole Spinning Machine).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Carbon Steel Color-Zinc Plated A193 B7 Stud Bolt. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Hf/UHF Chip Dry Inlay Roll Customized Lf Copper Coil 125kHz RFID NFC Label Tag).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Hot Sale Supply Stainless Steel PTFE Teflon Hose.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Lost Wax Casting/Investment Casting Parts Manufacture in China,Molybdenum Wire Fast Wire EDM Wire-Cutting Wire Cut Machine. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Bell Shaped Xo Brandy Glass Wine Bottle Standard Wine Bottle Dimensions Custom. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Rotary Barrel Finishing Machines.
Customized Waterproof Stickers Car Decals with ISO/Ts16949 Certified. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Carbide End Mill CNC Milling Machine Cutting Tool.
1-6mm Clear Sheet Glass Mirror for Makeup/Dressing/Furniture/Cabinet. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,12mm Melamine Paper Laminated Plywood, Mauritius Melamine Plywood. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Wholesale Virgin Material 700MB Blank CD-R with Grade a+ Quality.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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