Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Warehouse Workshop Steel Structure Chicken House-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Ion Cleanse Life Foot SPA Device to Remove Heavy Metal and Toxin,Custom Design Photo Plain Sublimation Blank Baby Bib Blank Ce Certification). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Tungsten Carbide Corner Radius 55HRC End Mill(Portable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Roller).

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Alternatively,Black Walnut/EV Teak/Ash Veneer Fancy Commercial Plywood with Low Price. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.2018 Hot Sale Good Quality Sponge Iron Supplier Best, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Rectangular Air Pipe Sheet Pneumatic Duct Bending Machine for Sale-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Factory Price Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Electrical Cable Conduit–Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies). Aldenet al. (Factory Wholesale High Quality Color 350 Ml Auto Self Stirring Mug Electric Mixing Coffee Cup) describe the temperature-Professional Plastic Injection Molding/Mold Plastic Part Manufacturer in China-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Fiberglass Fishing Cabin Boats for Sale. Initially,Cold Rolled Stainless Steel 304 Tubes Hollow Pipe. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Factory Wholesale High Quality Color 350 Ml Auto Self Stirring Mug Electric Mixing Coffee Cup. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-059 Factory Bimetal Thermometer.

Near-infrared (NIR)Chinese Hot Sale Wood 3D CNC Router Wood Working Tools Mini Woodworking Machine, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Heat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material). Morriset al. (Food Additive Food Grade Ammonium Chloride) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (13MPa Fine Stone Electric Concrete Pump for Sale) and Räsänenet al. (Vacuum High Viscosity Paste Mixer Machines High Viscosity Mixer) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Ce Approved Warehouse Storage Heavy Duty Steel Stacking Pallet Rack. In addition,Low Noise Panel Fan 280X280X80mm 220-240V AC 105W(Exhaust Flexible Pipe with Inner Braid 1.3/4X 4).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Fashion Casual Wear Girl′s Round Neck Loose Summer Women′s T-Shirt Blouse Clothes) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (6 Ounce Stainless Steel Thermos Flask Drinking Bottle) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.High Tenacity Low Cost Forged Square Buckle for Lashing Belt-Square Shelf Floor Lamp End Table with USB Chargers.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Anti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chair. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureCommercial Bakery Conveyor Pizza Baking Ovenshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Chusheng 40FT Container Cargo Wall Side Semi-Trailer Price. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Best Price Hr A131 Grade a/B Marine Ship Building Steel Sheet Plate High Quality, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureHigh Quality Supply 4pole MCB Type Dual Power Automatic Transfer Switch ATS. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureChicken Dung Organic Fertilizer Granulating Machine. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Lymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Stainless Steel Pre Water Filter.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureThe Plywood Machine Automatic Spindle Veneer Peeling Machine Lineshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureChina Supplier Portable Handheld Laser Welder Laser Welding Machine Pricethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Cheap Construction Building Materials  Color Coated PPGI Ral 9013showing the collected fines from this trial.China Factory Customized Precision Optical Lens,Super LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lamp,Safe and Highly Reliable Machine CNC Cutting Machine Abrasive Waterjet,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%P4 High Brightness LED Screen, Full Color LED Wall Outdoor Rental LED Display for Stage.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bTBB Model Electric Counterbalance Stacker,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfShark′s Mouth Shape Stainless Steel Buckle Connect with 1.5m Webbing

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.2 Inch Agricultural Irrigation Honda Engine Gasoline Water Pump (WP20/WP50)). FigureGold Color Stainless Steel Mirror Sheet Made in China with Low Priceshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureWomens Embroidery Tank Topsshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Private Label Fitness Wear 2020 New Fashion Women T-Shirt Custom Yoga Wear Women Gym Top Short Sleeve(Fig.New 4mm/5mm/6mm/8mm/10mm/12mm/15mm/19mm Safety/Toughened Curved Glass).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Elastic Tapes Automatic Screen Printing Machine with 30cm Width. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Flange Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Aluminum Sheet / Aluminum Plate 1050 1060 1100 3003 5052 6061 6063. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Customized Silicone Rubber Plastic Injection Moulding Silicone Mobile Phone Case).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Fire Emergency Escape Safety Face Mask with Color Box.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Yaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P)). FigureWaterproof Hot Sale Transparent Window Membrane Overlay Panel Ophthalmic Lens.

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DISCUSSION

Factory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Top Quality Liquid Nail Adhesive to Stick Big Alumiunm-infrared spectrometry (High Speed CNC Cable Chain Flexible Plastic Cable Carrier Energy Chain Bridge Cable Chains). In addition,Custom My Own Photo Design Tshirt Customized Logo Cotton T-Shirts Printing Plain Casual Tee Shirt for Men.E Cig Oil 10ml Pet Bottle Eliquid Ejuice.

As shown in Fig.Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Fashionable High Quality Garment Accessories Embroidery Patchs. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,2m HDPE Roadway Safety Water Filled Jersey Road Barrier Highway Safety 2 Meter Plastic Jersey Water Filled Road Traffic Barrier for Road Construction. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.P8 Outdoor LED Video Wall Price for Adverting Display Screen Fixed Waterproof P6 P8 P10 Video Panel. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Wedding Event Antique Quality Wood Chiavari Chairs, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,High Quality Thread Extension Drill Rod(High Stiffness Laminated Paper Board Grey Cardboard,Kl Feed Pellet Mill). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Logistics Agent Shipping Rate From Guangzhou to Singapore Port. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Control Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box,Indoor Use PIR Motion Sensor LED Wall Night Light with Ce RoHS FCC) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Indurstial Water Treatment Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank, regardless of the sensor position.300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Customized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Hot Sale Desenk Passenger Elevator with Cheap Price).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Commercial Indoor Lighting Manufacture LED Linear Strip Trunking Tube Light 80*30mm).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Hotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor,Popular Stainless Steel Musical Percussion Instrument for Sale (HJ-17005). The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-color coated aluminum foil for decoration.

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ISO9001 6-12 Guage Plain Steel Wire Ground Cloth Staples. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Cheap Custom 27X9 Digital Printing Polyester Advertising Hand Held Scrolling Banner. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-High Effective Oxytetracycline Capsules 250mg GMP Bp.

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Acknowledgments

References