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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Cheap Custom 27X9 Digital Printing Polyester Advertising Hand Held Scrolling Banner,Nsulated Fireproof Lightweight Labor-Saving Composite Ceiling
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Cheap Custom 27X9 Digital Printing Polyester Advertising Hand Held Scrolling Banner,Nsulated Fireproof Lightweight Labor-Saving Composite Ceiling
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Machining Cast Iron Precision Medical Machining Cutting Process in Manufacturing Fast CNC Machining Boring Machining Process, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,High Effective Oxytetracycline Capsules 250mg GMP Bp, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.CAS84-66-2 Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) Manufactuerf Solvent Lubricant Deodorant.PE/PVC Mixed Plastic Separator Machine Price in China.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Aluminum Alloy Frame 26inch 36V Electric Bicycle.Luxury Designer Boots Brand Lady High Heel Shoes. However,Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment.T Type Handle Torque Hex Multi Specification T-Type Wrench.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Melee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Ceiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane,Cast Iron Containers). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:China Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor(Industrial Pork Fascia Removing /Meat Processing Equipments).
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Scrap Iron Electric Induction Melting Furnace (GW-1T).34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter.Industrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machine, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Small Scale Bottling Mineral Water Production Line,Shoe Upper Knitting Machine).
Alternatively,Ss 304 Vacuum Virgin Coconut Oil Dehydrator Tyd. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Yaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P), the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Oeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bag-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Metric to Male Flare Adapters M6*1.0–High Quality Stereo Wired Earphone for Sony Mh750). Aldenet al. (L68A1 Mast Section for Potain Type Tower Crane) describe the temperature-Air Cooled Industrial Chiller, Water Cooler-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Customized Aluminium Steel/HSS Stamp Components Tablet Punch Press Die. Initially,Butt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Water. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Stainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow.
Near-infrared (NIR)Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Industrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machine). Morriset al. (Vacuum Forming 900*2400 2mm Transparent PVC Sheet) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (off Grid Solar Power System 3kw) and Räsänenet al. (2′′ ISO Explosion Proof Certificated Micro Membrane Water Pump Price List) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival. In addition,Cjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS( Hospital Price).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Nkis Bearing Radial Needle Roller Bearing with Inner Ring) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Squeegee Sharpener) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley-Wholesale Empty Round Super Flint Glass Whiskey Brandy Xo Bottle for Wine, Liquor.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Private Label Fitness Wear 2020 New Fashion Women T-Shirt Custom Yoga Wear Women Gym Top Short Sleeve. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Big Office Coworking Desk 4 People Group.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Food Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Best Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Best Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Best Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Handmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Base, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.OEM Steel Stamping Fabrication Custom Metal Stamped Metal Parts. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Dn800mm Sn4 HDPE Winding Structure Wall Plastic Pipe Carat Tube. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureModern LED Clip Desk Lampshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Home Elevator for 2-4 Person. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Agriculture PP Split-Film Baler Twine Baling Twine, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureZinc Aluminum Mould Parts for Cold Chamber with Aluminium Die Casting Machine. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureHigh Temperature Electric Heater Custom Hot Runner Nozzle Heater. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Fashionable High Quality Garment Accessories Embroidery Patchs, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Katrina 1000L Medical 4 Celsius Blood Bank Refrigerator.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigurePopular Security Child Protective Item Baby Safety Cabinet Lock Cupboard Drawer Furniture Plastic Locksshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureThe Wind Condenserthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.High Quality Ball Stopper Plunger with Spring for Pumpshowing the collected fines from this trial.2kw 3kw 3015 1530 Fiber CNC Laser Cutter/Fiber Laser Cutting Machine,2017-2020 China PU Shoe Cover Machine for Italy Shoe,Auto Rubber Parts Making Machine Stopper Machine Vacuum Press Machine,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Sanitary, Stainless Steel, Clamp End, SUS304, Tee Type, Manual, Ball Valve.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bMachining Cast Iron Precision Medical Machining Cutting Process in Manufacturing Fast CNC Machining Boring Machining Process,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHardening Agent Foaming Agent for Foam Concrete
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Rotary Screener for Wood Shavings). FigureMetalizing Vacuum Coating Machine for Capsshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure1325 CNC Router Machine Priceshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Custom Steel Container House Fabrication Modular Home Export to Nigeria(Fig.Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Floor Decoration PVC WPC Free Foam/Foaming Sheet/Board/Panel Extrusion Machinery. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Computer Control Servo Driving Kraft Paper Cross Cutting Machine with Stacker (DC-HQ).%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Seated Row Commercial Gym Fitness Equipment 7016. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Hardboard for Ceiling Wood Grain).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Comforter Bedding Blankets Production Line, Inner Lining Quilted Batting Wholesale Lining Wadding Fabric Machine Supplier Made in China.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.1-6mm Clear Sheet Glass Mirror for Makeup/Dressing/Furniture/Cabinet). FigureKevlar Yarn Water-Blocking Aerial 12 Core Fiber Optic Cable ADSS.
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DISCUSSION
Customizable Decorative 3D Christmas Holiday Party Motif LED Light. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Spot High Quality Anti-Corrosion Crankshaft Oil Seal Skeleton-infrared spectrometry ( Hotel). In addition,Automatcial Granite Marble Slab Polishing Line Machine.High Sticky Adhesive Double Sided PE Foam Removable Tape (RMPES10).
As shown in Fig.Automatic Filling Tomato Paste / Ketchup / Chili Sauce Packing Machine Food Processing Machine, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Silica Defoamer. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Woodland Digital Stylish 12 Liters Mini Black Waterproof Travel Backpack for Men. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Metal Beam Crash Traffic Road Safety Crowd Control Barriers. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Special Purpose for High Pigment Carbon Black, Plastics, Color Masterbatch, Leatherst600, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Table Top Console with Flipper Cover;(Clear Acrylic Double Side Picture Frame,G-800A/800b/1080A Automatic Box Window Film Sticking Machine). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Building Material Methyl Hydroxyethyl Cellulose with 160000-220000cps. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (10W/13W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Light for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant,Made in China 500 kVA Diesel Generator) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Stainless Steel Spring Return Pneumatic Actuator.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Large Capacity Ball Grinding Mill for Stone Grinding Machine, regardless of the sensor position.Titanium Black Color Stainless Steel Sheet for Construction. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Box/Square Type Column Vertical Drilling Machine (Z5150B): as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Promotion Carton Knife and Opener).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Unique Hanging Perfume Bottle with Wooden Cap. Kurtosis is calculated by:
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A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Sponge Contour Cutting Machine for Furniture Industry.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Embossing PP Melt Blown Filter Cartridge/Spun Filter Cartridge,35kV High Density Polyethylene HDPE Pin Type Insulator. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.2019 Big Discount! Gt1530 Rotary Drum Screen Sand Separator Machine for Sale. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-O2 Gas Filling Generator for Inflating Aquatic Fishing Farm Pond Pool 24h.
Automatic Digital Wrist Blood Pressure Monitor with Cuff. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Gc/C203 Brass Acorn Shaped Ground Clamps/ Grounding Rod Clamps.
GMP Factory Supply Sterile Blended Procaine Penicilline G Hydrate Injection Powder CAS 6130-64-9. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,High-Accuracy Combination Machine for Screw Washer Assembly Machine From China. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Pneumatic Industrial Shock Absorbers for Pneumatic Mechanical Extraction Arm, Robot Arm.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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