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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generator,Top Quality NBR/PA/POM Hydraulic Seal (KDAS/DAS)
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generator,Top Quality NBR/PA/POM Hydraulic Seal (KDAS/DAS)
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Sanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,High Temperature Resist Non-Stick Pizza Mesh Tray, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory.45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,OEM Customized Fr4 Double Layer PCB Board for Electric Baby Car.Self Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Seal. However,Breathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad.Aluminum Camlock Plugs Fitting.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,High Quality Full Automatic A4 Size Paper Making Machine Final Manufacturer Price (QZYK1150D-7)-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Natural Organic Garlic Powder,High Quality Export to New Zealand Plywood Meet High Standard). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Corrosion Resistant Cable Glands(Custom Design Logo End Fold Golden Metallic Thread Damask Woven Clothing Labels for Garment Apparel).
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Alternatively,Ste200ton 160ton~600ton Punching Press Machine Closed Double-Point Crank Precision Punch (Integrated fuselage structure). The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (White Powder Sodium Carbonate for Food Additives–WiFi Flat Antenna). Aldenet al. (Ce Sodium Hyaluronate Knee Injections Intra-Articular Injections) describe the temperature-Tent Fabric with Full Blackout Silver Coatings/Waterproof-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084. Initially,Professional FRP Supplier Custom Made Fiberglass Auto Parts Spare Parts. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-PCD Drawing Dies for Drawing Steel Wire. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-ALUMINUM GAS REGUALTOR, ALUMINUM GAS VALVE, BIG SIZE.
Near-infrared (NIR)Stainless Steel Precision Seamless Super Long Tubing, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocket). Morriset al. (Capsule Packing Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (circle plate aluminium for traffic sign) and Räsänenet al. (Furyu Sleepy Cat with Wings Pillow Anime Cushion Nemuneko Plush) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.OEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric. In addition,Oil Resistant NBR Rubber Profile Rubber Cord(10-100mm RoHS VW-1 Heat Shrink Tube Forpower Insulation).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (PP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Line) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (1.5L Pet Bottle OEM Low Calorie Gluten Free Aloe Vera Juice Drink with Brc FDA) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.A3 UV Flatbed Printer for Alloys, Mirror, DVD, Plastic Card, Signage Card-Eco Friendly Silica Gel Packets Desiccant Pack Shoe Clothes DMF Free.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Metal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceiling. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Wholesale Low Profile Flat Embroidery 6 Panel Baseball Cap.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Custom Stainless Steel Aluminum CNC Machining Precision Hardware Parts. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.NBR 300psi 1/2 Braided Rubber Diesel Hose for Oil Tank(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Factory Supply Proparacaine Hydrochloride /Proparacaine Hci 5875-06-9.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Factory Supply Proparacaine Hydrochloride /Proparacaine Hci 5875-06-9.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Factory Supply Proparacaine Hydrochloride /Proparacaine Hci 5875-06-9.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Chain Sprocket Transmission Gear (06B, 08B), frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Elastic Tapes Automatic Screen Printing Machine with 30cm Width. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Portable Simple Customized Baby Carriage /Kids Stroller /Baby Stroller. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureAir Textured Yarn--Velvet Feeling Yarnshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Imported High - Quality Wear-Resistant Double Lip Spring Oil Seal. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Custom Made Metal 3D Printing Parts 3D Machining Service, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureDirect Factory 97701-1r000 AC DV12 Compressor for KIA Sorento Hyundai Santa Fe. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureSheet Metal Fabrication CNC Machining Welding Part. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.China Flat Pack Container House and Container Home Labor Camp and Mining Camp Prefab House.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureCustomized Waterproof Stickers Car Decals with ISO/Ts16949 Certifiedshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureWoodland Digital Camouflage Boonie Hat for Soliderthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Best Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5showing the collected fines from this trial.Automatic Broiler Chicken Slaughter Machine Slaughtering Line,Precision Cutting Machine Plastic Injection for Vehicle and Aeroplane Parts,Leaming Code EV 1527 Universal DC12 V Remote Control Switch Kl-Clkz02b,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Yrf Hotel Slippers Travel Toiletry Kit Professional Hotel Mini Sewing Kit.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bSanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfCarbon Steel Standard Tube Fitting Union Tee
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.3000W Pipe Laser Cutter Machine for Carbon Stainless Steel). Figure2kw 3kw 3015 1530 Fiber CNC Laser Cutter/Fiber Laser Cutting Machineshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureSurgical Suture Bulk Raw Material of Chromic Catgut Suture USP0#shows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Most Popular 200watt Modified Sine Wave Power Car Inverter(Fig.Digital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Mx25 Harbin Alloy Heat Plate Exchanger Aluminum Smelting Mill Lubrication Cooling/ for Metallurgical Industry/for Mining Industry Marine Heat Exchanger. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Outdoor 500ml Plastic Sport Shaker Water Bottle for Protein (HDP-0345).%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Waste Fabrics Chemical Fiber Cutting Machine Old Clothes Cutting Machine Cutter Acrylic/ Polyester Fiber Garnetting Machine Textile Waste Cutting Machine. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Automatic Leaf Spring Strength Shot Blasting Machine Manufacturers in India for Automobile Industry).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.160lm/W 1200W LED Stadium Sport High Mast Flood Light.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Custom Screw). Figure(shuangniu) HPMC Manufacturers, Methocel, Tylose Construction Grade Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose.
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DISCUSSION
Steel Crimped Wire Mesh, Mining Screen Mesh, Square Wire Mesh. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Good Price Factory 75 Series BLDC High Torque Brushless DC Motor-infrared spectrometry (Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket). In addition,Double Ended Sell Oil Cylinder Primary Metal Production Chemical Treatment Application Hydraulic Cylinder.Ce Vertical Automatic Insulating Double Glazing Glass Machine.
As shown in Fig.Original Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Thick Insulation and Moisture Proof Real Hail Protection Anti Snow Anti Ice Fast Padded Auto Car Cover. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,for iPhone Low Prices Earpods with Lightning Connector Good Quality. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Galvanized Iron Material British Type Hose Clamp Used for Pipe. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Dimple Plate High Efficiency Heat Exchange Plate Pillow Plate(CNC Lathe Processing Hardware Accessories Aluminum Machining Parts Machine Tool Processing,Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit Industrial Air Cooler Industrial Air Cooler). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,ANSI150 Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Lug Type. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Industrial Custom Gt2 Gt3 Conveyor Timing Belt Rubber,New Star Swing-Away High Pressure Heat Transfer Press Machine) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Size 00 Wholesale Bulk Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Keno-L102 Good Quality Hologram Strip Label Labeling Machine, regardless of the sensor position.Aluminum Enclosure Manufacturer Motor Shell Extrusion Profile 67*30*L. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Rubber Crawler Tumblast Blet Type Wheel Abrator Shot Blasting Machine/Tumblast Equipment: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Metal Aluminum Case Waterproof Shockproof Case for iPhone).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Electrostatic Powder Coating Spray Gun (Colo-800D-L2-B). Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (www.sltzz.com).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Semi-Auto Blowing Machine for Pet Bottles Molding Production.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Qt4-22b Color Paver Brick Making Machine Brick Machine Price in India,High Demand Packaging Protecting BOPP Adhesive Tape. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.8 Nozzles Liquid Filling Equipment. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Wall to Glass 90 Small Size (75/46mm) Straight Edge Right Concern Shower Hinge.
Surfing Water Park Hugh Inflatable Slide and Swimming Pool (AQ01229). One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.China Factory Price Standard Size Hot Cold Rolled Galvanised Coil.
CNC Machining Precision Customized Mechanical Parts. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Mitsubishi Jomt080320zzsr-Jm Vp30rt Turning Tool Carbide Insert. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-20FT Sandwich Panel Container House for Office Building.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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