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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Comfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chair,OEM ODM Stainless Steel 304 316 Single Lever Wash Lavatory Bathroom Water Tap Basin Faucet Matt Black Finish
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Comfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chair,OEM ODM Stainless Steel 304 316 Single Lever Wash Lavatory Bathroom Water Tap Basin Faucet Matt Black Finish
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,100% Ultrafine Merino Wool Scarf for Gentlemen, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Ouwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotel, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use.Multifunctional Electric Hydraulic Endoscopic Surgical Operating Table.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,High Quality Ball Stopper Plunger with Spring for Pump.Cheap Construction Building Materials Color Coated PPGI Ral 9013. However,Industrial Water Treatment Mesh Screen Automatic Suction Filter.Shengdong 500kw Natural Gas Geerator Parts Spark Plug Mot-807bex15. Pct23.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Grey Cast Iron Drainage Pipe-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Custom My Own Photo Design Tshirt Customized Logo Cotton T-Shirts Printing Plain Casual Tee Shirt for Men,Gear Reducer). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:(R) -1-[3, 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2(LED Arena Light Flood Lighting Soccer Field Stadium Sports Court Light with Dlc UL Ce CB ENEC Eac SAA PSE Nom (300W 400W 500W 600W 750W 950W 1200W)).
Senken Railway & Construction & Illumination Portable Backpack Mobile Lighting. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Cheap Modern Free Design Non-Woven Vinyl Wallpaper Manufacture,China Kclka EVA Foaming Sandals Slipper Injection Molding Shoe Machine).Tractor Sprayer Farm Sprayer Boom Sprayer Garden Sprayer Power Sprayer, care must be taken to avoid over-Personalized Design Fake Gold Metal Force Guard Medal, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,School Uniform Trousers Boys Sports Trousers Boy Half Pant.
27speed 29*16inch Aluminum Alloy Mountain Bike.Super Adjustable Square Ruler with Protractor.Portable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Roller, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Kampa China Supplier LC1-D032 AC Magnetic Contactor,12V 200ah LiFePO4 Battery Pack for RV Camper Yacht Marine Solar Street Light 12V Lithium Battery with BMS LED).
Alternatively,Cold Rolling Slitted Edge No. 1 Surface 304 Stainless Steel Coil. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Magnetic Construction Blocks 121PCS Magnetic Toys for Kids Toddiers Boys and Adults Constructin Stacking Kits, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.2bmf Series Seeder, Seeding Machine-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler–Customized LC/Sc/FC/St/Lsh Singlemode Fixed Flanged Adapter Type Female to Female FC 5dB Fiber Optic Attenuator). Aldenet al. (Piston Hand-Held Rock Splitter Equipment) describe the temperature-Factory Direct Supply 219mm Cement Screw Conveyor Construction-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Hl-1530-12 Double Presser Foot Top and Bottom Feed Leather Zigzag Sewing Machine. Initially,PVC /PE /Di Pipe Quick Flange Adaptor. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Cleaning Reusable Tobacco Cigarette Filter Reduce Tar Holder. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluid.
Near-infrared (NIR)China Manufacturer Supply Directly Melamine Chipboard/Particle Board/Flakeboards, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Molybdenum Wire Fast Wire EDM Wire-Cutting Wire Cut Machine). Morriset al. (Rubber Cable Reel) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (2017-2020 China PU Shoe Cover Machine for Italy Shoe) and Räsänenet al. (China Factory Price Standard Size Hot Cold Rolled Galvanised Coil) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.100usrt Stainless Steel Chiller / Food Industry Used Chiller. In addition,Container Panelized Modular Outdoor Prefabricated Metal Log Mobile Home House(19X15W Big DMX Professional Stage LED Moving Head B-Eye K10).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Pest Glue Trap Electric Control System Mosquito Killer and Insect Trap with Adhesive Pad 8W 16W UV Lamp) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Stackable Outdoor Orange Plastic Chairs) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.30ton Vacuum Sewer Sewage Cleaning Truck (Sewer Septic Tank High Pressure Combined Water Jetting Truck 18m3 Wast Sludge 10m3 Clean Water Tank)-Custom Premium Running Embroidery Logo Lightweight Various Colors Extended Size Absorb Sweat No-Slip Twill Terry Cotton Towel Stripes Headband for Athletic.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Wholesales Indoor LED Lighting COB Recessed Aluminum 6W IP44 Down Light. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Customwer Brand Eco Wooden Cup Bamboo Cup.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Smart Cell Phone Arm Bag. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Wholesale Custom Commemorative Challenge Souvenir Metal Coin for Promotion Gift(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Hardest Core Medium-Speed Paper Cup Forming machine.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Hardest Core Medium-Speed Paper Cup Forming machine.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Hardest Core Medium-Speed Paper Cup Forming machine.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.90ml Modern Clear Glass Perfume Botle Cosmetic Packing Bottle, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Piston Hand-Held Rock Splitter Equipment. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Electricity Strain Composite Silicone Suspension Rod Insulator. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure100% Egyptian Cotton Jacquard White Hotel Bedding Sets (DPFB80107)shows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Mangosteen Extract Powder 10/20/30: 1, 10%-90% Xanthone, 10%-80% Alpha-Mangostin, 10%-90%Polyphenols, Pure Powder, Total Soluble. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Durable Primary School Wooden Student Desk and Plastic Chair (SF-22S), based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureWalk in Style Chamber Temperature (humidity) Test Chamber. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureTell World China Supply Square 8 Seat Restaurant Dining Table. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Automated Fue Extraction Devices, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Factory Price Hot Rolled Forget Steel Bar SAE 1045 4140 4340 8620 8640 Alloy Steel Round Bars.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureNew Design Fireplace Wood Holdershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureVAGULA Gemelos Men French Shirt Enamel Brass Cuff Links 350then compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Wood Acrylic Marble Engraving Machine with CO2 Lasershowing the collected fines from this trial.Custom Screw, Shoulder Bolt, Double Head Threaded Screw, Drive Bolt,for RGB LED Strip DC12V/24V LED Strip Controller RGB Amplifier,UL Certificate LED Bathroom Wall Mirror with Touch Switch,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%10-100mm RoHS VW-1 Heat Shrink Tube Forpower Insulation.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b100% Ultrafine Merino Wool Scarf for Gentlemen,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfAluminum Chain Winder Awning Windows with Double Glass Design
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Stainless Steel Welded Pipes 304 Square Finish Polished). FigureSmall Gas Resistance Air Freshener and Gas Mask Coal Based Activated Carbon for Toxic Gas Purificationshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureBrand New Yanmar 4 Stroke Water-Cooled Marine Diesel Engine (6LPA-STP2)shows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Mobility Foldable Adult Electric Scooters(Fig.Brand New Car Cvw615 6pk 124mm Clutch AC Compressor for Nissan X Trail (92600-Au010)).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.12mm Melamine Paper Laminated Plywood. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Oil Resisitance Rubber Packer for Oilfield and Sour Gas Applications.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.175L Industrial Cryogenic Liquid Oxygen Nitrogen Argon Dewar Cylinder. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Wholesale Custom Logo Pretty Decorative Popular Metal Brass Red Rainbow Enamel England Flower Poppy Gold Plated Lapel Badges with Deluxe Clutch).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Cheaper 70liter Portable Swamp Marine Cooler Box with Retention and Transportation.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.2 Ton Electric Chain Hoist with Electric Monorail Trolley). FigureQt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGS.
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DISCUSSION
TBB Model Electric Counterbalance Stacker. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Water Softener Underground Water Treatment Alkaline Water Industrial Filter Machine-infrared spectrometry (Drainage Board/Dimple Sheet for Green Roof & Deck). In addition,99% Sodium Gluconate Used in Concrete as Retarder Agent Water Reducing Admixture Steel Surface Cleaning Additives.Dust Tester-Dust Concentration Detector-Portable Pm2.5 Detector-Smoke Detector, R & D Sales[Onetest].
As shown in Fig.Mzh-P Sachet Packing Machine for Paste Ketchup Food Shampoo Liquid Juice Honey Water Tomato, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Diamond Stone Cutting Blade Circular Saw Blades for Concrete. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Yellow Color Pipe Heat Insulation Roll Aluminum Foil Glass Wool. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.High Quality Restaurant Wooden Dining Room Chair with Leather Seat. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Good Quality Polycarbonate (PC) Plastic Board(Leading Technology Excellent Performance ABS Profile Plastic Extrusion Line,1/2 to 1/4 Metal Ball Valve for RO System). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Warehouse Workshop Steel Structure Chicken House. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Sinotruk HOWO Special Truck 6 Wheel 8cbm Compactor Garbage Truck,Low Price Products Vitamin a Acetate Food Additive) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Tungsten Carbide Corner Radius 55HRC End Mill.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Best Price of Welded Stainless Steel Pipe (202), regardless of the sensor position.Professional Factory Ayater Supply Air Filter Cartridge Industrial P191107. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Diamond Glass Plate Dessert Plate Vegetable and Fruit Salad Plate: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Customized Embroidery High Quality Badge).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Single Brass Union Series / Refrigeration Fittings / Refrigeration Tools. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Manufacturing Custom Electric Blanket).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Lt8003u/Lt8005u High Performance UV Laser Marking Printer.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Pest Glue Trap Electric Control System Mosquito Killer and Insect Trap with Adhesive Pad 8W 16W UV Lamp,100% Pure Laminating Plywood and MDF Melamine Powder for Melamine Formaldehyde Resin Use. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Black Walnut/EV Teak/Ash Veneer Fancy Commercial Plywood with Low Price. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-2018 Hot Sale Good Quality Sponge Iron Supplier Best.
Rectangular Air Pipe Sheet Pneumatic Duct Bending Machine for Sale. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Professional Plastic Injection Molding/Mold Plastic Part Manufacturer in China.
Fiberglass Fishing Cabin Boats for Sale. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Cold Rolled Stainless Steel 304 Tubes Hollow Pipe. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Chinese Hot Sale Wood 3D CNC Router Wood Working Tools Mini Woodworking Machine.
Ce Approved Warehouse Storage Heavy Duty Steel Stacking Pallet Rack-Low Noise Panel Fan 280X280X80mm 220-240V AC 105W. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,High Tenacity Low Cost Forged Square Buckle for Lashing Belt.
Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
