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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Air Cooler/Evaporative Air Cooler,Sinotruk HOWO Special Truck 6 Wheel 8cbm Compactor Garbage Truck
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Air Cooler/Evaporative Air Cooler,Sinotruk HOWO Special Truck 6 Wheel 8cbm Compactor Garbage Truck
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,WPC PVC Free Foam Floor Decorative Board Extrusion Production Line, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Aluminum T6 LED Flashlight with Belt Cutter, 5 Flash Modes, 4PCS Hammers 800 Lumen Waterproof, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.400W 15inch PA System Professional Loudspeaker.Best Sell Industrial Microwave Oven, Microwave Extractor Dehydrator.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Hot Sale Multi-Purpose Mini Electric Rotary Vane Vacuum Pump.Brown Glass Mosaic Tiles kitchen Backsplash. However,Heat Sink Radiator Anodizing Aluminum Alloy Die Casting.Factory Offer Industrial Grade HPMC Powder Support Sample.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,CNC Plasma 1530 1325 Machine Stainless Steel Router-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Garden Patio Wicker / Rattan Sofa Set - Outdoor Furniture (LN-3029),Hot Dipped Galvanized Razor Barbed Wire Razor Barbed Wire Mesh Fence). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Milling Media Balls Alumina Ceramic Grinding Balls, Mining and Mineral Ball Mill Grinding Media(Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley).
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Alternatively,2018 New Unique Suction Bathroom Holder Towel Ring for Home. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Pregabalin Pharmaceutical Intermediate 99% USP, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.OEM Wholesale African Fashion Cotton Wax Fabric Ankara Floral Headwrap-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Stainless Steel Woven Wire Mesh Used for Decorate–Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S). Aldenet al. (Chicken Dung Organic Fertilizer Granulating Machine) describe the temperature-Waterproof Home Coil Door Mat Anti-Slip Shoe Cleaning PVC Door Mat-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Outernal Climbing Tower Crane (QTZ63 (TC5013)). Initially,Mill Finished 3003 1100 Aluminum Aluminium Coil for Insulation Industry. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-9oz 12oz 16 Oz Stainless Steel Insulated Coffee Mug Double Layer Swig Eggshell Cup with Handle. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Fuyi Single-Cell Protein Product Separation Tubular Bowl Separator.
Near-infrared (NIR)Lifud Driver CREE LED Chip 100W COB LED Ceiling Lamp Down Lighting, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Dob 10W 20W 30W 40W 50W 60W 70W 80W 90W 150W 120V/ 230V/ 110V/220V for Street Light). Morriset al. (Pulverized Coal Boiler Process) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (125kHz Proximity Compatible Smart Card Reader) and Räsänenet al. (Plastic Injection Mold for Urine Cup/Two-Color Plastic Mould) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Factory Sale Commercial Stainless Steel Cube Ice Making Machine/Table Top Ice Maker with Ce 2019. In addition,Aluminum Sheet / Aluminum Plate 1050 1060 1100 3003 5052 6061 6063(100% Guarantee Quality Motorcycle Rubber Inner Tube (100/90-17)).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Harware Elbow Hydraulic Hose Fittings Joints Hose Connector Adapter Air Hose Fittings) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Round Tin With Clear Lid) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Three Phase Pfc Power Factor Correction Capacitor Bank (PFC-600kvar/400V)-2 Ton Electric Chain Hoist with Electric Monorail Trolley.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Lubricating Oil. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Mechanical Seal John Crane 2100.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Automobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheet. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.S11 Serie Green Sand Mixer(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,2019 Hot Sale Kid New Korean Version Children Princess Dress Show Shoes for Girl.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,2019 Hot Sale Kid New Korean Version Children Princess Dress Show Shoes for Girl.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,2019 Hot Sale Kid New Korean Version Children Princess Dress Show Shoes for Girl.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Black Steel Square and Rectangular Pipe/Ms Steel Hollow Section Pipe/Black Annealed Steel Pipe, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.500W Fiber Laser Metal Steel Cutting Engraving Machine (HXB-3015). The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Ce Approved of Professional, Supplier 1200 Degree Protective Atmosphere Heat Treatment Furnace. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureFood Grade Vacuum Bag with PA/PE/EVOH Materails for Food Pakcagingshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,High Quality Rectangle Bottle Opener Half Marathon Medal. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Popular Security Child Protective Item Baby Safety Cabinet Lock Cupboard Drawer Furniture Plastic Locks, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureLatest Woman Hand Bag 2018 Designer Manufacturers China. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureSdlg Air Conditioner Compressor 4130000420 for Loader LG936 LG946L LG956. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Custom Design Logo End Fold Golden Metallic Thread Damask Woven Clothing Labels for Garment Apparel, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Top Quality CAS 28319-77-9 Alpha GPC 50% Powder Price.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureG11 Epoxy Fiberglass Laminated Insulation Sheetshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCigarette Drip Tipthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Lathe Machine Price (C6232 C6236 C6240 C6250 C6266) Gap Bed Lathe Machineshowing the collected fines from this trial.HS-M901K Air Brush Nail Kit,PVC Frontlit Flex Banner (LFG55/440),High Precision Circle Ring Bracelet Rotary Laser Cutter with Gold Dust Recycling,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%19mm 100% Mulberry Silk Fitted Sheet 4PCS Bedding Set Oeko-Tex100.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bWPC PVC Free Foam Floor Decorative Board Extrusion Production Line,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfNkis Bearing Radial Needle Roller Bearing with Inner Ring
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.WiFi Flat Antenna). FigureCe Sodium Hyaluronate Knee Injections Intra-Articular Injectionsshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureInsulated Aluminum Glass Tempered From Alibaba Chinashows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.HOWO Best Sale China Supplier 10- 12m3 Solid Trash Waste Garbage Collector Compactor Truck(Fig.2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocket).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.10-100mm RoHS VW-1 Heat Shrink Tube Forpower Insulation. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Low Price Products Vitamin a Acetate Food Additive.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.PP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Line. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Metal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceiling).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Ice Crusher Ice Block Shaving Machine Ice Crushing Machine.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Ce Approved of Professional). FigureWholesale Bamboo Charcoal Sisal SPA Pad Shower Bath Sponge Klb-089.
DISCUSSION
Concrete Wall Making Machine Automatic Brick Making Machine for Sale. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Horizontal Pearl Mills for Paint, Coating, Inks, Pigment Grinding-infrared spectrometry (Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce). In addition,E466 Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose CMC.Semi-Automatic Interlocking Brick Machine Prices for Kazakhstan/Tajikistan/Kyrgyzstan.
As shown in Fig.Desktop/ Table Type Cold Pressure Welding Machine for Copper Wires, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Welding Sealing Double-Color Gas Cutting Flexible Air Hose for Cars. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Coal Mine Tear Resistant Steel Cord Conveyor Belt. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Newest High Precision Digital Electronic Food Kitchen Weight Scale. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,High Quality Custom Lovely for Plush Toy Fashioplush Toy(Alloy Jeans Rivet Metal Rivet Garment Rivet Nipple up Mini Rivet with Kata,Customized Waterproof Stickers Car Decals with ISO/Ts16949 Certified). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Best Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5,Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Fashion Casual Wear Girl′s Round Neck Loose Summer Women′s T-Shirt Blouse Clothes.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Black and White Hand Wrapping Foil Plastic Film Rolls for Packaging, regardless of the sensor position.Multi-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800). Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Hydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (3000W Pipe Laser Cutter Machine for Carbon Stainless Steel).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Event Rental Stacking Tiffany Wedding Modern Clear Chiavari Chair. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (5 Micron Spun Polypropylene Filter Cartridge Housing).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Fresh Golden Pear Class 1 Sweet Golden Pear Organic Pear with Price.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Featured 5mm Mini Box Type Metallzied Polyester Film Capacitor Tmcf07,High Speed Steel Saw Blade for Wood, PVC, Metal. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.EPS Foam Recycling Pelleting Machine with Dryer Cutter. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-ISO 7380 Hexagon Socket Button Head Machine Screw.
Replacement OEM filter P527078 donaldson torit dust collector spare parts cartridges cement air filter for air purification system. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Colorful Big Round Trampoline for Kids and Adult From Manufacturer.
Hot Dipped Galvanized 2.5mm Cut Tie Wire & Binding Wire. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,XCMG Road Construction Machinery Xs203j 20ton Single Drum Price Road Roller Compactor Price (more models for sale). Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Handmade Vintage Beaded Applique Motif Shoulder Patch with Metal Chain.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
