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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,PC50uu-2 PC50mr-2 PC45 PC40mr-2 Excavator Parts Gear Pump/Pilot Pump,Wholesale Small Heart Shape Cardboard Paper Flower Boxes Jewelry Cosmetic Perfume Candy Gift Box
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,PC50uu-2 PC50mr-2 PC45 PC40mr-2 Excavator Parts Gear Pump/Pilot Pump,Wholesale Small Heart Shape Cardboard Paper Flower Boxes Jewelry Cosmetic Perfume Candy Gift Box
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,High Quality Soft Ice Cream Maker, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Food Grade Aluminium Foil Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper for Fruit Nuts Snack Packaging, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Paper UHF RFID Smart Tag Sticker in Roll for Logistics.Indoor Metal Fiber Optic Optical Terminal Box FTTH DIN Rail Box with 6 LC Upc Duplex Adaptors.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Solar Power System 5000W for Home.Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting SS304 BSPT NPT Thread Screw Hex Nipple 3inch. However,Sun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Sticker.OEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheels.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Outdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Graphite Mould for Diamond Wire Saw Segment Sintering,Super Soft Microfiber Fleece Baby Shower Towel). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Hexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collar(FRP Pultrusion Pipe Mould).
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Alternatively,Latest Sex Lady Doll Love Sex Face. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Buy 99% Ru58841 Powder Equol for Hair Growth, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.V-Ribbed Belt PK PJ PL-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (CNC Tool Holder Lathe Ball External Turning Tool–Aluminium Sheet/Plate 2024/2A12/2A14//2A50/2219/2017 for Structural Parts of Aircraft). Aldenet al. (Modern Style Armless Dining Room Chair for Living Room) describe the temperature-OEM Aluminum Air Oil Cooler Heat Exchanger Radiator Core-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-PVC Coated Fusion Glued and Bonded Wire. Initially,Automatic Leaf Spring Strength Shot Blasting Machine Manufacturers in India for Automobile Industry. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Wholesale Fashionable Smooth Star Cosmetic Liquid Eyeliner. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Multi-Function Camera WiFi IP IR Camera Waterproof Solar Panel Camera.
Near-infrared (NIR)330ml Glass Water Bottle/750ml Water Glass Bottle/Water Bottle, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Anesthesia Mini Pack Combined Spinal and Epidural Kit Emergency Kit). Morriset al. (keychain) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder) and Räsänenet al. (20W 30W Fiber Qr Code Laser Marking Engraving Machine for Metal) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Lithium Ion 32670 5000mAh 9.4V LiFePO4 Battery with Kc UL. In addition,Natural Gas Coupler and Equal Tee(Cold Rolling Slitted Edge No. 1 Surface 304 Stainless Steel Coil).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (D-Shape*16 Wax Discs for Amanngirrbach Ceramill) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Dialysis Medical Supplies) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Non-Standard Hydraulic Station for Hydraulic Pressure Station Diesel Driven Hydraulic Power Units-Industrial Pipe Shredding Machine for Tube Recycle.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Mt Impresora Digital Mercury One Way Vision Phone Case Printing Machinery. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Best Price 316 Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Five Arms Used Zoomlion Qy50V 50 Ton Mobile Truck Crane. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.UHF Wireless Microphone Conference System Jm-900(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Self Contained Positive Pressure Air Breathing Apparatus Scba.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Self Contained Positive Pressure Air Breathing Apparatus Scba.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Self Contained Positive Pressure Air Breathing Apparatus Scba.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Promotion Metal Laser Cutting Machine 3D Laser Crystal Glass Engraving Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.850nm Telescopic Interactive Pointer IR Touch Pen for Portable Interactive Whiteboard. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Good Quality Tooth Extracting Forceps Dental Forceps with CE. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureCwe-65 1500W pH65/0810 Hammer Drill Demolition Hammershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Low Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Top Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013). With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureBestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004). The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Advertising Outdoor Banner Flag Flag Beach Flag Frather Flag, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Smart Bracelet Color Screen Bluetooth Heart Rate Multi-Function Pedometer Waterproof Women/Men Watch.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureTop Fuse Tricot Woven Interfacing Fabric Fusible Warp Knitted Interliningshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureFinger Oxygen Manufacturers Cheap Pricethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.94V0 PCB for USB Flash Drive with Ce RoHSshowing the collected fines from this trial.4 Sided 19 Inch Pyramid 3D Holographic Display Showcase,Mini Displayport Male to HDMI Female with VGA Cable,Nail Jewelry Nail Polish Glue Nail Art Necklace Korea Japan Nail Phototherapy Metal Decoration Metal Bar,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Custom 3D Printing Plush Vegetable Cushion.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHigh Quality Soft Ice Cream Maker,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfFashion Wall Mount Makeup Mac Cosmetic Display Stand Design
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Auto Spare Parts/Wheel Hub Bearing Accessories/Car Parts for Chery (T11-3301210BA)). FigureHigh Quality Agriculture Water Irrigation Plastic Impact Sprinklersshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureManufacturer Wood Log Splittershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.1.5m UV Printer Large Format Digital UV LED Flatbed Inkjet Printer(Fig.Outdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.High Quality Customized Alumina Ceramic. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Fast Dry Paper for Digital Printing. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Es-Eled-033 LED Backlight Bar 2012svs32 732nnb 44 2D Use for Samsung 32′′).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Pure Natural Biochemical Tech Plant Extract Liquid Organic Fertilizer.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.T Type Handle Torque Hex Multi Specification T-Type Wrench). FigureWholesale Blank Promotional Baseball Cap.
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DISCUSSION
Sheet Metal Fabrication Export to The United States Australia New Zealand High Quality. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Peel and Stick Self Adhesive PVC Vinyl Flooring Tile for Building Material-infrared spectrometry (Sliding Glass Door Ss201 Matt Glass Door Lock with Lever Handles). In addition,Weak Acid Dyes, Acid Red 18 for Textile.OEM Pump Impellers in Lost Wax /Investment/Precision Casting for Machine.
As shown in Fig.Inositol (6556-11-2) with High Quality on Sell, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Wedding Jewelry Set, Bridal Necklace Earring Jewelry Set, Factory Direct Wholesale. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Latest Technologysus304L Heat Exchanger Shell and Tube for Cooling Sea Water. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.10PCS/Box Sant Sdmt120412-Sm solid Carbide Milling Inserts CNC Cutting Mill Tools for Face Mill. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Water-Proof Nylon Cable Gland(Ac Servo Driver And Motor,Low Pressure Die Casting Diecast Aluminum Box). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Digital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring,Tailgate Trunk Gas Shock Struts Fits Lada 2112 Hatchback 2112-8231010) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.PVC Coated Fiberglass Window Mosquito Screen, 18X16, 120G/M2, Grey or Black.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Ce, RoHS, SAA, ETL Most Popular Hot Sales LED Downlight Home Furnishing/Hotel Use, regardless of the sensor position.Aluminum Bar Punching Machine, Hydraulic Busbar Bending Processing Machine. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Waterproof IP65 Dustproof 1200mm Tubes 50W LED Tri Proof Light: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Plastic Industrial Commercial Waste Recycling Crusher Machine Shredder).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Industrial Pork Fascia Removing /Meat Processing Equipments. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Abstract Animal Oil Painting).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,American Style Disposable Round Black PP Plastic Food Box with Clear Lid.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Mini Digger Hot Sale in Australia,Rainbow Rafting Fiberglass Aqua Water Park Slide. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.CNC Hot Wire 3D Foam Cutting Machine/Sponge Cutting/Basotect Cutting. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-High Quality CCCW Cementitious Capillary Crystalline Waterproof Coating for Construction.
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Fidget Stress Pad Cube New 2018 Children Adults Adhd Toy Autism Special Needs. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Furyu Sleepy Cat with Wings Pillow Anime Cushion Nemuneko Plush. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-10g Bidi SFP+ Module Wdm 1270/1330nm LC 20km Dom Module.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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