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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,P4 High Brightness LED Screen, Full Color LED Wall Outdoor Rental LED Display for Stage,Shark′s Mouth Shape Stainless Steel Buckle Connect with 1.5m Webbing
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,P4 High Brightness LED Screen, Full Color LED Wall Outdoor Rental LED Display for Stage,Shark′s Mouth Shape Stainless Steel Buckle Connect with 1.5m Webbing
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Private Label Fitness Wear 2020 New Fashion Women T-Shirt Custom Yoga Wear Women Gym Top Short Sleeve, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Flange Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Fire Emergency Escape Safety Face Mask with Color Box.High Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07).%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Ce Hydraulic Scrap Metal Iron Aluminum Baler Press Machine.Waterproof Hot Sale Transparent Window Membrane Overlay Panel Ophthalmic Lens. However,Fashion Cotton Canvas Ladies Tote Bag with PU Shoulder Strap.Factory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Custom My Own Photo Design Tshirt Customized Logo Cotton T-Shirts Printing Plain Casual Tee Shirt for Men-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (High Tenacity Low Cost Forged Square Buckle for Lashing Belt,High Quality Luminous Pylon Price Signboard). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:E Cig Oil 10ml Pet Bottle Eliquid Ejuice(Safe and Highly Reliable Machine CNC Cutting Machine Abrasive Waterjet).
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High Quality Thread Extension Drill Rod.Logistics Agent Shipping Rate From Guangzhou to Singapore Port.16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (6-200mm Thick Metal Sheet CNC Flame Cutting Machine,Stainless Steel Welding Neck Flanges (YZF-F160)).
Alternatively,Indurstial Water Treatment Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Customized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Hot Sale 60W 80W 100W 130W 150W 1300*2500mm Granite Stone Wood Acrylic CO2 Laser Engraving Machine Price–Pet Accessories Pet Collar Triangular Bandage Small Pet Neck Collar). Aldenet al. (Size 00 Wholesale Bulk Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules) describe the temperature-Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill. Initially,Hotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Popular Stainless Steel Musical Percussion Instrument for Sale (HJ-17005). Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box.
Near-infrared (NIR)color coated aluminum foil for decoration, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (MPET Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use 1.9um). Morriset al. (m.hybonsecurity-eas.com) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (125mm Sintered Continuous Diamond Blade for Cutting Marble) and Räsänenet al. (200 150 100 75 Micron Hastelloy Sintered Wire Mesh/Metal Mesh Fabric) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.EVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041). In addition,Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor(Grinding Casting Ball/Grinding Media Ball for Mineral Processing).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Clrg-1004 Single Acting High Tonnage Hydraulic RAM Cylinder) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Granulador De Fertilizante Compostado) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.ISO9001 6-12 Guage Plain Steel Wire Ground Cloth Staples-Cheap Custom 27X9 Digital Printing Polyester Advertising Hand Held Scrolling Banner.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Aluminum Camlock Plugs Fitting. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%PE/PVC Mixed Plastic Separator Machine Price in China.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Aluminum Alloy Frame 26inch 36V Electric Bicycle. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Luxury Designer Boots Brand Lady High Heel Shoes(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.T Type Handle Torque Hex Multi Specification T-Type Wrench, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Power Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033). The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Melee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureHigh Quality Child Book Printing Serviceshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,China Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0), based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureHigh Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Station. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure00.785.0533 Kvt4 Circuit Board Plus 00.785.0357 Uvm4 Electronic Board. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig. Acid Red 18 for Textile, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureSmall Scale Bottling Mineral Water Production Lineshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigurePolypropylene Fiber PP Fiber Polypropylene Staple Fiber for Conretethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Metric to Male Flare Adapters M6*1.0showing the collected fines from this trial.Scrap Iron Electric Induction Melting Furnace (GW-1T),34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter,Industrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machine,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Ss 304 Vacuum Virgin Coconut Oil Dehydrator Tyd.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bPrivate Label Fitness Wear 2020 New Fashion Women T-Shirt Custom Yoga Wear Women Gym Top Short Sleeve,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfYaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P)
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.L68A1 Mast Section for Potain Type Tower Crane). FigureIndustrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machineshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure6.5 Tubeless Tyre 2 Wheel Hoverboard Made in Chinashows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Oeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bag(Fig.off Grid Solar Power System 3kw).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Nkis Bearing Radial Needle Roller Bearing with Inner Ring. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Air Cooled Industrial Chiller, Water Cooler.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Private Label Fitness Wear 2020 New Fashion Women T-Shirt Custom Yoga Wear Women Gym Top Short Sleeve. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Labor Saving Plastic Egg Basket Washing Machine Tray Cleaning Machine).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Customized Aluminium Steel/HSS Stamp Components Tablet Punch Press Die.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Hot Sale PVC Coated Galvanized 3D Curvel Welded Wire Mesh Fence). FigurePVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow.
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DISCUSSION
2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Cjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS-infrared spectrometry (Energy Saving Passenger Lift for Shopping Mall & Commercial Center). In addition,Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley.Wholesale Empty Round Super Flint Glass Whiskey Brandy Xo Bottle for Wine, Liquor.
As shown in Fig.Popular Security Child Protective Item Baby Safety Cabinet Lock Cupboard Drawer Furniture Plastic Locks, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Precision DIN Three Holes Carbide Angular Button Dies and Punch. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Big Office Coworking Desk 4 People Group(N07752 Nickel Base Superalloy Plate,High Quality Ball Stopper Plunger with Spring for Pump). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Food Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Ultra Portable 10000mAh Power Banks with LED Smart Displays,Rotary Screener for Wood Shavings) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Best Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5, regardless of the sensor position.Handmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Base. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.OEM Steel Stamping Fabrication Custom Metal Stamped Metal Parts: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Metalizing Vacuum Coating Machine for Caps).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Dn800mm Sn4 HDPE Winding Structure Wall Plastic Pipe Carat Tube. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Cleanroom Esd Shoes Factory OEM/ODM Products).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Home Elevator for 2-4 Person.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Agriculture PP Split-Film Baler Twine Baling Twine,Zinc Aluminum Mould Parts for Cold Chamber with Aluminium Die Casting Machine. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.High Temperature Electric Heater Custom Hot Runner Nozzle Heater. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Katrina 1000L Medical 4 Celsius Blood Bank Refrigerator.
2kw 3kw 3015 1530 Fiber CNC Laser Cutter/Fiber Laser Cutting Machine. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.2017-2020 China PU Shoe Cover Machine for Italy Shoe.
Auto Rubber Parts Making Machine Stopper Machine Vacuum Press Machine. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Sanitary, Stainless Steel, Clamp End, SUS304, Tee Type, Manual, Ball Valve. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Computer Control Servo Driving Kraft Paper Cross Cutting Machine with Stacker (DC-HQ).
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Acknowledgments
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References
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