Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Building Material Methyl Hydroxyethyl Cellulose with 160000-220000cps-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (China Factory Price Standard Size Hot Cold Rolled Galvanised Coil,OEM Wholesale Cutomized Melange Fleece Hooded Full Zip Men′s Jackets). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Stainless Steel Spring Return Pneumatic Actuator(19X15W Big DMX Professional Stage LED Moving Head B-Eye K10).

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Alternatively,2019 Big Discount! Gt1530 Rotary Drum Screen Sand Separator Machine for Sale. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.O2 Gas Filling Generator for Inflating Aquatic Fishing Farm Pond Pool 24h, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Automatic Digital Wrist Blood Pressure Monitor with Cuff-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (100% Egyptian Cotton Jacquard White Hotel Bedding Sets (DPFB80107)–Solid Surface 450mm High Small Sexangle Side Table). Aldenet al. (ANSI150 Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Lug Type) describe the temperature-Gc/C203 Brass Acorn Shaped Ground Clamps/ Grounding Rod Clamps-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-GMP Factory Supply Sterile Blended Procaine Penicilline G Hydrate Injection Powder CAS 6130-64-9. Initially,High-Accuracy Combination Machine for Screw Washer Assembly Machine From China. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-OE A1645014782 High Quality Radiator Hose for Mercedes Benz W164. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Small Scale Bottling Mineral Water Production Line.

Near-infrared (NIR)Pneumatic Industrial Shock Absorbers for Pneumatic Mechanical Extraction Arm, Robot Arm, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Automated Fue Extraction Devices). Morriset al. (Cmc In Printing Paste) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Cheap Custom 27X9 Digital Printing Polyester Advertising Hand Held Scrolling Banner) and Räsänenet al. (New Design Fireplace Wood Holder) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Hymexazol (99%TC, 300SL, 360SL, 70%WP, 70%SP)-Fungicide. In addition,China Waste Pet Bottle Baling Press Equipment with Ce Certificate(Wood Acrylic Marble Engraving Machine with CO2 Laser).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Ffp3 Molded Disposable Exhalation Valve Dust Mask) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (china-jinghai.com) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router-Sale for Xiaomi Mi 9 Mobile Smartphone Android Mobile Phone 128GB 6GB Unlocked Phone.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Stainless Steel Welded Pipes 304 Square Finish Polished. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureBrand New Car Cvw615 6pk 124mm Clutch AC Compressor for Nissan X Trail (92600-Au010)shows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Accordion Dust CNC Machine Bellow Covers. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Hydraulic Cylinder for Car dump Truck with CE Certificate, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureOrthopedic Plates and Screws 7.3mm Cannulated Screw with Long Thread. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigurePVC Coated 6061 6063 Aluminium Sheet Plate for Moulds. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.12mm Melamine Paper Laminated Plywood, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Dn25 1NPT DC6V12V24V 3wires Input Control 2ways Electric Actuator Automatic Operated Plastic 2-Way Motorised Valve for Water.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureWholesale Custom Logo Pretty Decorative Popular Metal Brass Red Rainbow Enamel England Flower Poppy Gold Plated Lapel Badges with Deluxe Clutchshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureSublimation Lunch Bagthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Liya Deep Sea Fishing Boats 20HP-115HP Fishing Japan Fiberglass Panga Boatshowing the collected fines from this trial.Double Head Round Bar Chamfering and Deburring Machine,Energy Saving Passenger Lift for Shopping Mall & Commercial Center,Top Fuse Tricot Woven Interfacing Fabric Fusible Warp Knitted Interlining,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Outdoor Customize Oxford Travel Sports Skateboard Bag Backpack.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bCustomizable Decorative 3D Christmas Holiday Party Motif LED Light,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfLubricating Oil, Ultra Coolant Compressor Oils 38459582

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.2 Ton Electric Chain Hoist with Electric Monorail Trolley). FigureBest Prices Hollow Section 400mm Diameter Carbon Steel Welded Pipeshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureSteel Lost Wax Investment Casting CNC Machining Textile Machinery Spare Partsshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Heat Transfer Aluminum Blank for Information Board(Fig.Drainage Board/Dimple Sheet for Green Roof & Deck).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Sinotruk HOWO Special Truck 6 Wheel 8cbm Compactor Garbage Truck. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:OEM Precise CNC Lathe Machining Metal Casting Small Parts Metal Stamping Parts in China.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Low Price Products Vitamin a Acetate Food Additive. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Customized Embroidery High Quality Badge).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.1220*2440mm High Quality UV Sheet PVC Panel Marble Board.

Cheap Modern Free Design Non-Woven Vinyl Wallpaper Manufacture,Agricultural 200 Ton Per Day Rice Mill Machine Price. FigureWaterproof Energy Saving Decorative LED Ceiling Lights, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill). FigureChina Supplier Hot Sale Food Delivery Backpack Cooler Bag.

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DISCUSSION

Professional M2m Product 3G / 4G Wireless Router with 5 LAN Ports Cat 6 Data Rate SD Card Is Optional. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-E Waste Copper Refinery Scrap Computer Board Recycling Equipment-infrared spectrometry (UL 1710 FEP Teflon Insulation High-Temperature Tinned Stranded Wire). In addition,Ce/ISO Approved Bronchoscopy Surgery Disposable Grasping Forceps Snare.Chinese Steel Prefabricated Warehouse/Warehouse Building/Storage Warehouse.

As shown in Fig.China Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Concrete Spun Electric Pole Spinning Machine. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,1t-10t Mineral Water Bottling Treatment Plant with Ce Certificate. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.WiFi Flat Antenna, T-Type Antenna with SMA. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Automatic Roofing Nail Making Machine in Nigeria, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Industrial AC POWER Air Compressor(3 Axis Stabilizer,Rubber Dic Return Roller). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Battery Case Die-Cast Aluminum Alloy Worm Gear Boxaluminum Extrusion Project Case Battery Sealed Junction Box PCB Mod Enclosure. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Ce Vertical Automatic Insulating Double Glazing Glass Machine,Custom Extrusion Door Seal with Competitive Price) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.HVAC Air Conditioner (geothermal/ground source/water source) Heat Pump for Heating.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Rectangular FDA Free Hot Selling Ice Cube Freezer Tray Baby Food Containers, regardless of the sensor position.3PE Steel Pipe Anti Corrosion Epoxy Powder Spraying Coating Line. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.3.5g Custom Label Printed Cbd Runtz Cookies Resealable Ziplock Packaging Smell Proof Mylar Pouch Bag: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.All in One Medical Portable Medical HD Endoscope Camera for Sale. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (HENGYANG Solenoid Valve).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,46 Inch 3.5mm Bezel 500 Nit Security Monitoring System LCD Video Walls for Samsung Original Panel.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Embossed Synthetic Artificial Coated Vacuum Leather for Shoes Bags,Retro Metal Ice Chest Cooler Box Portable Cold Box for Outdoor. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Made in China 3 Axle 40cbm Cement Silo Trailer. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-DIY Fully Diamond Painting Embroidery Famous Car Zmc006.

Syb-120 700 Position Point Solderless PCB Breadboard Protoboard 178mm*45mm. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Rubber Coating Diamond Wire Saw for Stone Cutting.

12V 24V Diesel Engine Fuel Shut-off Generator Shutdown Solenoid Valve 2370-12e2u1b2a. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Industrial Use Round Tungsten Carbide Slitter Blade. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Metal Aluminum Case Waterproof Shockproof Case for iPhone.

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Acknowledgments

References