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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,The Plywood Machine Automatic Spindle Veneer Peeling Machine Line,Brass Water Spray Nozzle Water Garden Hose Nozzle Brass Nozzle
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,The Plywood Machine Automatic Spindle Veneer Peeling Machine Line,Brass Water Spray Nozzle Water Garden Hose Nozzle Brass Nozzle
Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Ultra Portable 10000mAh Power Banks with LED Smart Displays, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,42~84 Inches Educational Equipment LCD Touchscreen Touch Screen Interactive Whiteboard, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.1000W 1500W High Precision Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Sheet Metal for Aluminium Stainless Steel Plates and Tubes.Professional FKM Eco Rubber 5/16 Inch Gasoline Hose.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Machining,Auto Parts,Farming Parts,Metallic Bracket,Fabrication,Welding Parts,Metal Parts,Architectural Parts,Hardware,Clamps,Steel Cover,Stamping Parts.Issc Bluetooth Module for Bluetooth Headset Wireless Headphone. However,2019 New Arivals Christmas Gift.Abrasion Resistant Corrugated Rubber Conveyor Belt for Coal.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,201 304 Inox Tube Stainless Steel Pipe and Tube Mirror Polished-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Different Types Quail Cage,High Quality Ce Approval Batch Freezer Hard Ice Cream Machine). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Modern White Fabric Living Room Secetion Sofa for Hotel Reception(P4 High Brightness LED Screen).
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Alternatively,Dehydrated Garlic Powder in Bulk at Wholesale Price. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.High Power 162W CREE LED 4X4 DRL Offroad Work Lights, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.DIN Rail Mounting Double Layer Terminal Block with Ce RoHS (LUKK5)-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Fan Assisted Cooling Curve Glass Cake Display Showcase for Cake–Comforter Bedding Blankets Production Line). Aldenet al. ( Countertop) describe the temperature-Customized Precision Aluminum Spare Parts CNC Machining Parts-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Grinding Casting Ball/Grinding Media Ball for Mineral Processing. Initially,LED Light 3D Custom Acrylic Car Sign. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Disposible Adjustable Adult Child Medial Oxygen Venturi Mask. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Petroleum Oil Gasoline Diesel Fuel 1 Inch Fuel Transfer Hose.
Near-infrared (NIR)Vertical Liquid Reciever for Refrigeration Units (ZRLC-644), more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Plastic Moulds Injection Mould Injection Moulding Plastic Products). Morriset al. (Farm Tractor Rotary Cultivator Manufacturers Cheap Price) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Guangzhou Factory Li-ion Cell 3.7V 2000mAh 2200mAh 2600mAh Battery 18650 Wholesale) and Räsänenet al. (12′-26 Mountain Bicycle Tyre Bike Tire) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Automatic Fast Speed Laminating Machine. In addition,PVC White BS Thread Pipe Water Supply Piping System 5.6 Metres(Gitia Eco- Friendly Environmental Waterproof Fireproof Indoor Click Spc Vinyl Flooring).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Shuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Christmas Promotional Gift Customized Santa Christmas Red Hat and Cap) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.LED Arena Light Flood Lighting Soccer Field Stadium Sports Court Light with Dlc UL Ce CB ENEC Eac SAA PSE Nom (300W 400W 500W 600W 750W 950W 1200W)-AC Socket 3 Pin C14 Female Mounting Power AC Socket with Switch Hole.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Mobile and Fixed Type-Yj Agitator for Chemical From China. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%UL 1710 FEP Teflon Insulation High-Temperature Tinned Stranded Wire.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Plastic Injection Mold Sleeve Precision HSS Ejector Sleeves. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.PVC Foam Sheets for Composite Sandwich Constructions(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Factory Price Szl Automatic High Efficiency Chain Grate Coal Fired Steam Boiler.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Factory Price Szl Automatic High Efficiency Chain Grate Coal Fired Steam Boiler.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Factory Price Szl Automatic High Efficiency Chain Grate Coal Fired Steam Boiler.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Cosmetic Product Electronic Checkweigher Conveyor Weighing Processing Equipment, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.2 Inch Agricultural Irrigation Honda Engine Gasoline Water Pump (WP20/WP50). The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Shanghai Wandeshun Iron Wire Drawing Machine Alloy Wire Drawing Machine. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureNail Jewelry Nail Polish Glue Nail Art Necklace Korea Japan Nail Phototherapy Metal Decoration Metal Barshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,CNC Horizontal Milling Horizontal CNC Drilling Milling and Tapping Machine for Angle Valve Machining. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.12124075 Brass Crimp Termian of Assembly Auto Delphi Wire Harness, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
FigureDeformed Steel Rebar Round Bar Reinforcing Iron Metal Bar. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
FigureCustomized LC/Sc/FC/St/Lsh Singlemode Fixed Flanged Adapter Type Female to Female FC 5dB Fiber Optic Attenuator. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
As shown in Fig.Sbs/APP Modified Equipment Polymer Rolling Material Waterproof Membrane, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.UL FCC PSE Passed 5V 2A USB Charger Us Plug for Wholesale.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureWoodland Digital Stylish 12 Liters Mini Black Waterproof Travel Backpack for Menshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCustomized Cute Soft Puppy Dog-Shaped Tissue Box Plushiethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig. Curtain Panelshowing the collected fines from this trial.15*4*42 381*101.6*42 All Terrain Vehicle Track Asv Track for Terex PT60 Caterpillar 247 257,Tray Type Activated Carbon Air Filter,Plastic Touch Screen Door Exit Push Release Button Switch,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Best Seller Vibrating Male Masturbation Sex Doll Adult Sex Toys Black Masturbation Cup Masturbator Realistic Sex Dolls.
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Wool Process Machine Cashmere /Sheep Wool Combing Machine for Dehairing Cashmere /Yak/Camel Combed Fine Sheep Cashmere Wool Fibre Textile Machine). FigureChina Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturershows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureHigh Quality Strong Power Neodymium Magnetic Motor Component Cylinder Magneto Rotor Customzied for Industrialshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Good Quality ASTM Standard 2017A Aluminium Alloy Plate(Fig.Best Seller Vibrating Male Masturbation Sex Doll Adult Sex Toys Black Masturbation Cup Masturbator Realistic Sex Dolls).
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.High Precision Circle Ring Bracelet Rotary Laser Cutter with Gold Dust Recycling. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Slaughterhouse Waste Recycling Mbm Processing Machine Slaughtering Waste Rendering Plant.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.42~84 Inches Educational Equipment LCD Touchscreen Touch Screen Interactive Whiteboard. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Food Preservatives Sodium Benzoate High Quality Factory Supplier).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Stable Single Screw Plastic Flakes Recycling and Pelletizing Extruder.
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The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.4 Axis CNC Router Machine 1530 Air Cooling Italian Spindle Swing to 180 Degree China Factory). FigureRoad Black or Red Belgium Rubber Speed Cushion/Speed Cushion.
DISCUSSION
Energy Efficient PE Water Gas Supply Pipe Extruder Machine PE Pipe Production Line. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Lyz-5120 120W 8 Aluminium Outdoor Column Speaker Series-infrared spectrometry (Electric Magnetic Stirrer Heat Transfer Mantle). In addition,Wholesale Price Colled Rolled ASTM / AISI / SUS / GB / DIN / JIS 904L Super Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet.Free Sample Hardfaced Flux Cored Weld Wire for Overlap Welding.
As shown in Fig.Rechargeable 48V 240ah Agv LiFePO4 Battery Pack OEM&ODM, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Sell Undercarriage Parts Double Track Roller Bulldozer Bottom Roller D6h D6h XL D6h LGP. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,7 Wire Steel Strand for Prestressed Concrete 15.2mm. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.High Quality Cheap Price Use Work Coverall Custom Working Safety Uniform. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Simple Design Living Room Mirrored TV Cabinet(China Supply Brass Chromed Wall Mounted Shower Mixer Shower Set Part,High Quality Softgel Capsule). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,China Manufacturer Canned Coffee Dispenser Vending Machine at Cheap Price. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (New RO Water Purifier Pure Water Treatment Equipment/Automatic Reverses Osmosis RO Water Filtering System/Good Quality RO Filter for Water Purification System,Veterinary Esu Unit/Diathermy Machine Veterinary Electrosurgical Unit) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Toilet Tank Fitting for 2 Piece Ceramic.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Wholesale Cake Tray Edge Folding and Making Machine, regardless of the sensor position.Desktop/ Table Type Cold Pressure Welding Machine for Copper Wires. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Insect Resistant PVC Curtain for Kitchen Room: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Stainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Air Cooler/Evaporative Air Cooler. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Color Laser Marking Machine).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Sinotruk HOWO Special Truck 6 Wheel 8cbm Compactor Garbage Truck.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.WPC PVC Free Foam Floor Decorative Board Extrusion Production Line,Aluminum T6 LED Flashlight with Belt Cutter, 5 Flash Modes, 4PCS Hammers 800 Lumen Waterproof. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.400W 15inch PA System Professional Loudspeaker. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Best Sell Industrial Microwave Oven, Microwave Extractor Dehydrator.
Hot Sale Multi-Purpose Mini Electric Rotary Vane Vacuum Pump. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Brown Glass Mosaic Tiles kitchen Backsplash.
Heat Sink Radiator Anodizing Aluminum Alloy Die Casting. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Factory Offer Industrial Grade HPMC Powder Support Sample. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Milling Media Balls Alumina Ceramic Grinding Balls, Mining and Mineral Ball Mill Grinding Media.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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