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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow,Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow,Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Cjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley.Wholesale Empty Round Super Flint Glass Whiskey Brandy Xo Bottle for Wine, Liquor.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale.Precision DIN Three Holes Carbide Angular Button Dies and Punch. However,Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game.Top Furniture Hotel Furniture Iron / Aluminium Banquette Seating.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Food Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Princess Small Nets Children Bed Nets Ger Boys Drop Encryption Home Carrying The Baby Bed,Professional Poultry Farm Equipment Layer Chicken Battery Cage for Sale). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage(Automotive Speakers Snial Horn for Cars).
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Home Elevator for 2-4 Person.Agriculture PP Split-Film Baler Twine Baling Twine.Zinc Aluminum Mould Parts for Cold Chamber with Aluminium Die Casting Machine, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (CNC Machining Dam-Board ABS Plastic Fence for Garden,Life Vest).
Alternatively,High Temperature Electric Heater Custom Hot Runner Nozzle Heater. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Katrina 1000L Medical 4 Celsius Blood Bank Refrigerator, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.2kw 3kw 3015 1530 Fiber CNC Laser Cutter/Fiber Laser Cutting Machine-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Customized Metal Parts Stamping–Custom My Own Photo Design Tshirt Customized Logo Cotton T-Shirts Printing Plain Casual Tee Shirt for Men). Aldenet al. (LED Arena Light Flood Lighting Soccer Field Stadium Sports Court Light with Dlc UL Ce CB ENEC Eac SAA PSE Nom (300W 400W 500W 600W 750W 950W 1200W)) describe the temperature-2017-2020 China PU Shoe Cover Machine for Italy Shoe-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Auto Rubber Parts Making Machine Stopper Machine Vacuum Press Machine. Initially,Sanitary, Stainless Steel, Clamp End, SUS304, Tee Type, Manual, Ball Valve. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Hardening Agent Foaming Agent for Foam Concrete. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Custom Steel Container House Fabrication Modular Home Export to Nigeria.
Near-infrared (NIR)Computer Control Servo Driving Kraft Paper Cross Cutting Machine with Stacker (DC-HQ), more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Cheap Modern Free Design Non-Woven Vinyl Wallpaper Manufacture). Morriset al. (Blister Vacuum Forming Car Logo Sign) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (China Kclka EVA Foaming Sandals Slipper Injection Molding Shoe Machine) and Räsänenet al. (Kampa China Supplier LC1-D032 AC Magnetic Contactor) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Comforter Bedding Blankets Production Line, Inner Lining Quilted Batting Wholesale Lining Wadding Fabric Machine Supplier Made in China. In addition,Indoor Sc Sx Optical Fiber 8sc-24sp Distribution Box for FTTH(Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Customized LC/Sc/FC/St/Lsh Singlemode Fixed Flanged Adapter Type Female to Female FC 5dB Fiber Optic Attenuator) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (2017 New Arrive Acrylic Novelty Wine Rack) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Portable G45 Gas Powered New Brush Cutter-Kevlar Yarn Water-Blocking Aerial 12 Core Fiber Optic Cable ADSS.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Piston Hand-Held Rock Splitter Equipment. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%High Sticky Adhesive Double Sided PE Foam Removable Tape (RMPES10).% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Silica Defoamer. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Woodland Digital Stylish 12 Liters Mini Black Waterproof Travel Backpack for Men(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Metal Beam Crash Traffic Road Safety Crowd Control Barriers.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Metal Beam Crash Traffic Road Safety Crowd Control Barriers.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Metal Beam Crash Traffic Road Safety Crowd Control Barriers.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Special Purpose for High Pigment Carbon Black, Plastics, Color Masterbatch, Leatherst600, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Table Top Console with Flipper Cover;. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Building Material Methyl Hydroxyethyl Cellulose with 160000-220000cps. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure2017-2020 China PU Shoe Cover Machine for Italy Shoeshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Stainless Steel Spring Return Pneumatic Actuator. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Large Capacity Ball Grinding Mill for Stone Grinding Machine, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureTitanium Black Color Stainless Steel Sheet for Construction. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureBox/Square Type Column Vertical Drilling Machine (Z5150B). The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Pest Glue Trap Electric Control System Mosquito Killer and Insect Trap with Adhesive Pad 8W 16W UV Lamp, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Unique Hanging Perfume Bottle with Wooden Cap.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure100W LED Outdoor Solar Street Light Price Listshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureHot Sale Women Tankthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.100% Egyptian Cotton Jacquard White Hotel Bedding Sets (DPFB80107)showing the collected fines from this trial.Sponge Contour Cutting Machine for Furniture Industry,Embossing PP Melt Blown Filter Cartridge/Spun Filter Cartridge,35kV High Density Polyethylene HDPE Pin Type Insulator,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%2019 Big Discount! Gt1530 Rotary Drum Screen Sand Separator Machine for Sale.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfO2 Gas Filling Generator for Inflating Aquatic Fishing Farm Pond Pool 24h
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.ANSI150 Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Lug Type). FigureAutomated Fue Extraction Devicesshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureHydraulic Cylinders Suppliersshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Automatic Digital Wrist Blood Pressure Monitor with Cuff(Fig.Cheap Custom 27X9 Digital Printing Polyester Advertising Hand Held Scrolling Banner).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Ffp3 Molded Disposable Exhalation Valve Dust Mask. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Gc/C203 Brass Acorn Shaped Ground Clamps/ Grounding Rod Clamps.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Stainless Steel Welded Pipes 304 Square Finish Polished. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Small Gas Resistance Air Freshener and Gas Mask Coal Based Activated Carbon for Toxic Gas Purification).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.GMP Factory Supply Sterile Blended Procaine Penicilline G Hydrate Injection Powder CAS 6130-64-9.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Custom Small Clear Acrylic Pet Bed Display Stand). FigureSmall Scale Bottling Mineral Water Production Line.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.Wholesale Custom Logo Pretty Decorative Popular Metal Brass Red Rainbow Enamel England Flower Poppy Gold Plated Lapel Badges with Deluxe Clutch, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Ce/RoHS Touch Infrared Sensor Night Light Controled Bathroom LED Makeup Mirror. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Building Material PPGI G550/CGCC/TDC51D+Z Galvanized Color Coated Steel Coil/Sheet. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Hot Sale Medical Pad Packaging Machine. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Moist-Proof Vanitory Furniture Bathroom Cabinet(Band Saw,Liya Deep Sea Fishing Boats 20HP-115HP Fishing Japan Fiberglass Panga Boat). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Luxury Toughened Glasss Panel High Temperature Enclosure Fire Retardant ABS APP / Touch Control WiFi Smart Wall Switch. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (World Flag Mini Car Flags,2 Ton Electric Chain Hoist with Electric Monorail Trolley) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Rack Mezzanine with Steel Grating.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Modern Simple Bathroom Cabinet with Storage Drawer, regardless of the sensor position.V&T Vts 0.75kw-650kw High Efficiency and Saving-Energy Inverter/Servo Drive. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Anesthesia Mini Pack Combined Spinal and Epidural Kit Emergency Kit: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Best Prices Hollow Section 400mm Diameter Carbon Steel Welded Pipe).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Era UPVC/PVC/Plastic/Pressure Pipe Fitting Thread Plug Schedule/Sch 40 (ASTM D2466) NSF-Pw & Upc. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (AC Magnetic Contactorstc-40 (GMC) Electric Contactor).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Accordion Dust CNC Machine Bellow Covers.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Hydraulic Cylinder for Car dump Truck with CE Certificate,Orthopedic Plates and Screws 7.3mm Cannulated Screw with Long Thread. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.PVC Coated 6061 6063 Aluminium Sheet Plate for Moulds. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Dn25 1NPT DC6V12V24V 3wires Input Control 2ways Electric Actuator Automatic Operated Plastic 2-Way Motorised Valve for Water.
Double Head Round Bar Chamfering and Deburring Machine. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Energy Saving Passenger Lift for Shopping Mall & Commercial Center.
Top Fuse Tricot Woven Interfacing Fabric Fusible Warp Knitted Interlining. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Outdoor Customize Oxford Travel Sports Skateboard Bag Backpack. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-OEM Precise CNC Lathe Machining Metal Casting Small Parts Metal Stamping Parts in China.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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