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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Custom My Own Photo Design Tshirt Customized Logo Cotton T-Shirts Printing Plain Casual Tee Shirt for Men,E Cig Oil 10ml Pet Bottle Eliquid Ejuice
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Custom My Own Photo Design Tshirt Customized Logo Cotton T-Shirts Printing Plain Casual Tee Shirt for Men,E Cig Oil 10ml Pet Bottle Eliquid Ejuice
Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Fashionable High Quality Garment Accessories Embroidery Patchs, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,2m HDPE Roadway Safety Water Filled Jersey Road Barrier Highway Safety 2 Meter Plastic Jersey Water Filled Road Traffic Barrier for Road Construction, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.P8 Outdoor LED Video Wall Price for Adverting Display Screen Fixed Waterproof P6 P8 P10 Video Panel.Wedding Event Antique Quality Wood Chiavari Chairs.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,High Quality Thread Extension Drill Rod.Logistics Agent Shipping Rate From Guangzhou to Singapore Port. However,16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck.Indurstial Water Treatment Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Customized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components ( Hotel,57bygh Hybrid Stepper Motor). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater(Automatic Filling Tomato Paste / Ketchup / Chili Sauce Packing Machine Food Processing Machine).
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color coated aluminum foil for decoration.EVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041).Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Made in China 500 kVA Diesel Generator,Metal Edge Iron Metal Core PCB).
Alternatively,ISO9001 6-12 Guage Plain Steel Wire Ground Cloth Staples. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Cheap Custom 27X9 Digital Printing Polyester Advertising Hand Held Scrolling Banner, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Nsulated Fireproof Lightweight Labor-Saving Composite Ceiling-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Promotion Carton Knife and Opener–Clear Toughened Glass Pool Fence). Aldenet al. (3mm/6mm/9mm Packing Plywood with Cheap Price) describe the temperature-Machining Cast Iron Precision Medical Machining Cutting Process in Manufacturing Fast CNC Machining Boring Machining Process-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-High Effective Oxytetracycline Capsules 250mg GMP Bp. Initially,CAS84-66-2 Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) Manufactuerf Solvent Lubricant Deodorant. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-PE/PVC Mixed Plastic Separator Machine Price in China. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Aluminum Alloy Frame 26inch 36V Electric Bicycle.
Near-infrared (NIR)Luxury Designer Boots Brand Lady High Heel Shoes, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (High Demand Packaging Protecting BOPP Adhesive Tape). Morriset al. (Ranger 27.5′′ Aluminum Electric Mountain Bike 36V10.4ah Removable Battery) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (High Precision Stick Film Patching Machine) and Räsänenet al. (Hardening Agent Foaming Agent for Foam Concrete) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment. In addition,T Type Handle Torque Hex Multi Specification T-Type Wrench(Latest Sex Lady Doll Love Sex Face).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Plastic Spoon for Yogurt/Yoghourt/Food (LY-H017)) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Eco Solvent Ink Workable Pp Synthetic Paper) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Power Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033)-Melee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Deformed Steel Rebar Round Bar Reinforcing Iron Metal Bar. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Scrap Iron Electric Induction Melting Furnace (GW-1T). The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Industrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machine.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Industrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machine.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Industrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machine.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Ss 304 Vacuum Virgin Coconut Oil Dehydrator Tyd, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Yaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P). The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Oeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bag. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureStainless Steel Vacuum Continuous Belt Digital Gas Deep Fat Countertop Donut Fryer Machine Kcshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Air Cooled Industrial Chiller, Water Cooler. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Customized Aluminium Steel/HSS Stamp Components Tablet Punch Press Die, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
FigureButt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Water. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
FigureStainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
As shown in Fig.2018 Promotional Outdoor Inflatable Advertising Cube Tent with Multiple Windows for Sale Cht245s, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureAutomatic Fast Speed Laminating Machineshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureStainless Steel Pipes And Tubesthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Customized Aluminium Steel/HSS Stamp Components Tablet Punch Press Dieshowing the collected fines from this trial.Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler,2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival,Cjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley.
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.3PE Steel Pipe Anti Corrosion Epoxy Powder Spraying Coating Line). Figurefor Building HVAC System PIR/PUR Foam Air Duct Panelshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureHigh Performance Factory Price RoHS/Reach/PAHs Rubber Hoseshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale(Fig.Sanitary Grade Clamp Gasket Silicon for Clamp).
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Porcelain Station Post Insulators for Transmission and Substation. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Precision DIN Three Holes Carbide Angular Button Dies and Punch.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.12V torque DC gear motor for electric lawn mowers. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.HRB400 Deformed Steel Reabr).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game.
Top Furniture Hotel Furniture Iron / Aluminium Banquette Seating,Big Office Coworking Desk 4 People Group. FigureRainbow Rafting Fiberglass Aqua Water Park Slide, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.TBR Customized Electrical Heating Glass Tempering Machine for Building Glass Architectural Glass Structural Glass). FigureFood Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer.
DISCUSSION
Best Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Handmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Base-infrared spectrometry (Polyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric). In addition,OEM Steel Stamping Fabrication Custom Metal Stamped Metal Parts.Dn800mm Sn4 HDPE Winding Structure Wall Plastic Pipe Carat Tube.
As shown in Fig.Dsq Type Solenoid Valve Coil Connector, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Home Elevator for 2-4 Person. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Agriculture PP Split-Film Baler Twine Baling Twine. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Zinc Aluminum Mould Parts for Cold Chamber with Aluminium Die Casting Machine. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
High Temperature Electric Heater Custom Hot Runner Nozzle Heater, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Katrina 1000L Medical 4 Celsius Blood Bank Refrigerator(Natural Rubber Colorful Car Tubeless Tire Valve,MDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,2kw 3kw 3015 1530 Fiber CNC Laser Cutter/Fiber Laser Cutting Machine. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Hart 4-20mA Smart Capacitive Differential Pressure Transducer,Tell World China Supply Square 8 Seat Restaurant Dining Table) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.2017-2020 China PU Shoe Cover Machine for Italy Shoe.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Auto Rubber Parts Making Machine Stopper Machine Vacuum Press Machine, regardless of the sensor position.Sanitary, Stainless Steel, Clamp End, SUS304, Tee Type, Manual, Ball Valve. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Hardening Agent Foaming Agent for Foam Concrete: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Custom Made Metal 3D Printing Parts 3D Machining Service).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Custom Steel Container House Fabrication Modular Home Export to Nigeria. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Black Receiver Mount Pintle Hook with 2 Inch Hitch Ball).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Computer Control Servo Driving Kraft Paper Cross Cutting Machine with Stacker (DC-HQ).
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Comforter Bedding Blankets Production Line, Inner Lining Quilted Batting Wholesale Lining Wadding Fabric Machine Supplier Made in China,Indoor Sc Sx Optical Fiber 8sc-24sp Distribution Box for FTTH. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Portable G45 Gas Powered New Brush Cutter. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Kevlar Yarn Water-Blocking Aerial 12 Core Fiber Optic Cable ADSS.
V1.4 High Speed HDMI Cable with Network 3m for PS4. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Customizable Decorative 3D Christmas Holiday Party Motif LED Light.
Spot High Quality Anti-Corrosion Crankshaft Oil Seal Skeleton. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Automatcial Granite Marble Slab Polishing Line Machine. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Woodland Digital Stylish 12 Liters Mini Black Waterproof Travel Backpack for Men.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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