Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Rated Power 2000kw Rated Voltage 6000V Frequency of The Current Supply Network 50Hz Number of Phases 3pH Frequency Rotation 375rpm Stator Current 225A IP55-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Cashew Pine Nut Peanut Ground Nut Cleaning Machine,Automatic Pet Glass Bottle Liquid Pure Drinking Mineral Water Bottling Machine / Carbonated Flavored Juice Drinks Filling Making Packing Plant). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Wholesales Stainless Steel 750ml Protein Shaker Sports Bottle Shaker(New Design Prefabricated Steel Workshop Design with Ce Certificate).

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Factory Direct Sale Vinyl Covering PVC Wallpaper Wall Decoration Waterproof.SMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricator.Food Grade Tannic Acid with Best Price 70% 80% 99%, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Electrostatic Powder Coating Spray Gun (Colo-800D-L2-B),Injection Molding Companies).

Alternatively,Factory Supply Battery LED Barrier Warning Strobe for Car Truck. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Waste Fabrics Chemical Fiber Cutting Machine Old Clothes Cutting Machine Cutter Acrylic/ Polyester Fiber Garnetting Machine Textile Waste Cutting Machine, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Made in China 500 kVA Diesel Generator-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Sanitary Grade Manhole Cover with Stainless Steel Handwheel–PE Material Roto Moulding Plastic LED Coffee Table). Aldenet al. (300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric) describe the temperature-Max-824 Ladies Women Girl Custom Make Bridal Prom Party Wedding Gown Evening Dress-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Low Pressure Die Casting Diecast Aluminum Box. Initially,HP UHP Carbon Graphite Electrode for Electric Arc Furnace Smelting. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-19X15W Big DMX Professional Stage LED Moving Head B-Eye K10. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Portable Patio Party Bar Drink Cooler Cart.

Near-infrared (NIR)Alstom Valve Optipow105 135 Diaphragm, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Square Shelf Floor Lamp End Table with USB Chargers). Morriset al. (Aluminum Framed Window) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Building Material PPGI G550/CGCC/TDC51D+Z Galvanized Color Coated Steel Coil/Sheet) and Räsänenet al. (Sleek and Slim Men′s Trifold Wallet with ID Window) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.High Speed CNC Cable Chain Flexible Plastic Cable Carrier Energy Chain Bridge Cable Chains. In addition,Hot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Disc(Factory Sale Commercial Stainless Steel Cube Ice Making Machine/Table Top Ice Maker with Ce 2019).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Bestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004)) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (China Ne Type Industrial Plate Chain Bucket Elevator) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.8X8 Self-Locking Push Switch 6 Pin Push Button Switch-175L Industrial Cryogenic Liquid Oxygen Nitrogen Argon Dewar Cylinder.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Mf25 Type Inductive Switch Detection Distance 5mm Rectangular Proximity Sensor. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureHigh-Quality Construction Sandwich Plate Steel Prefabricated Container Workshopshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Advertising Outdoor Banner Flag Flag Beach Flag Frather Flag. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.120ml Sterile Urine Specimen Cup, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureUHF Self Adhesive Aln9654 Windshield Label RFID Tag. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureFactory Price of 250 mm Graphite Electrode. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.School Uniform Trousers Boys Sports Trousers Boy Half Pant, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Ketchup Pouch/Bag/Tray Automatic Fill Seal Vacuum Packaging Machine.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureConstruction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Useshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureFabric Cutting Machine for Woven Bag in Plastic Weaving Industry One Person Operationthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Featured 5mm Mini Box Type Metallzied Polyester Film Capacitor Tmcf07showing the collected fines from this trial.100kg-5000kg Permanent Magnetic Plate Lifter Heavy Duty Crane Hoist Lifting Magnet,Kennametal Conical Scarifier Blade Tools C87kcsbsr 1010937,Professional Grade 3m Super 33+ Vinyl PVC Electrical Tape Cinta,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Ce Certified Welding Table HD-100 for Heavy Industry Welding.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bCordless Vacuum Cleaner Lithium Battery Powered Wireless Vacuum Cleaner,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfCustom Connecting Fittings Type Bolt and Fastener

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig. 904L). FigureMotorcycle Parts C3 V1 High Temperature 6315 Zz Ball Bearing for Vehicle Bearingshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureBest Fog Free Shower Mirrorshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.New Curvy (5′6FT) Sex Doll with Metal Skeleton Sex Toy(Fig.Welding Grade Calcined Bauxite for Welding Flux).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.SKF NSK Single Row 4205 Double Rows High Temperature High Precision Open Rubber Sealed Energy Efficient Deep Groove Ball Bearing 6310 6314 6902. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Fully Automatic Corrugated Box Making Machine.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig. RoHS. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Welding Sealing Double-Color Gas Cutting Flexible Air Hose for Cars).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.PVC Pipe Furniture Grade Schedule 40 8 in 10 FT. Length PVC Piping List PVC Pipe Class 125 150 Custom Size PVC Piping.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Metal Beam Crash Traffic Road Safety Crowd Control Barriers). FigureChina Supplier IP67 Outdoor Lighting 500W LED Floodlight for Stadium.

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DISCUSSION

High Precision Sf0499 Augular Ball Bearing Automotive Bearing. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Honeywell Room Thermostat for Central Air-Conditioning T6373A1108-infrared spectrometry (High Precision Contactless Water Treatment Ultrasonic Level Transmitter). In addition,Glass Transport Using High Hardness Crane Arm for Sale.Popular Facial Mask Acrylic Cosmetic Display for Show Case.

As shown in Fig.Indurstial Water Treatment Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.2019 Party DIY Smart Touch Screen Magic Mirror Photobooth. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Polyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Light Roof Prefabricated Steel Structure for Parking. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

12V torque DC gear motor for electric lawn mowers, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Computerized Multi-Needle Shuttleless Quilting Machine (HY-W-JH)(Hdpe Fence,Factory Price of 250 mm Graphite Electrode). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Industrial Custom Gt2 Gt3 Conveyor Timing Belt Rubber. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting SS304 BSPT NPT Thread Screw Hex Nipple 3inch,4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Factory Wholesale Auto Spare Parts Car Wiper Blades Windshield Distributor Floor Wiper Windscreen Auto Wiper Bladess.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Square Silicone Extrusion Foam Rubber Sponge Seal Strip, regardless of the sensor position.Tn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.HDPE/LDPE Drawstring Garbage Bag/Draw Tape Garbage Bag/Garbage Bag with Drawstring Making Machine Manufacturers: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Acm/ ACP/ PVDF Exterior Wall Cladding Aluminium Composite Panel).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.OEM Foundry Parts Water Glass Sand Casting Excavator Parts. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Wood Designs Furniture Manufacturers Drilling Machinery CNC Drilling Machine Wood).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,1390 CO2 Laser Engraving and Cutting Machine for Plastic.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Custom Design Logo End Fold Golden Metallic Thread Damask Woven Clothing Labels for Garment Apparel,Hot Sales Rubber Shock Absorber Motorcycle. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Sanitary Ware Brass Bath Shower Faucet (AF2576-2). With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Rechargeable 48V 240ah Agv LiFePO4 Battery Pack OEM&ODM.

Custom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Sanitary Grade Manhole Cover with Stainless Steel Handwheel.

China Supplier Carbon Steel 4.8 8.8 Grade Color Zinc Plated DIN6921 Hex Flange Bolt. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Electric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Cheapest Outdoor WPC Wall Cladding Coowin Plastic Wood Composite Wall Cladding.

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Acknowledgments

References