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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA,Shuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA,Shuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Stainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Portable Shelving Luggage Insert Rise Gear Organizers Travel Bag, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Progressive Stamping Tool for Motor Rotor Stator.Ceiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part.Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring. However,Photoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms.Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (OEM ODM Stainless Steel 304 316 Single Lever Wash Lavatory Bathroom Water Tap Basin Faucet Matt Black Finish,Geological Polarizing Microscope Suppliers for Sale). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:China Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lock(Best Sell Industrial Microwave Oven).
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4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine.Portable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine.4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Rotary Kiln Calcined Bauxite 3-5mm for Refractory Industry,Glow In The Dark Plastic Sheet).
Alternatively,RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensor, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Silicone Baby Brush Shower Brush 100% Silicone Gentle Nubs Massage Scrubber–Water Treatment Water Treatment Plant Water Treatment Chemical). Aldenet al. (Nylon/ABS/POM Mechanical Precision Push Button CNC Machining Parts) describe the temperature-Natural Isoliquiritigenin Licorice Roots Extract-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Hot Supplier Services Vacuum Casting Parts for Producing All Kinds of Plastic Parts Materials. Initially,Heat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-CNC Professional High Speed Precision Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Ipg Laser Source for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-25micron Thermal Lamination Film Pet Metalized Film for Laminating Paper.
Near-infrared (NIR)Large Round Shape Cookie Popcorn Handle Tin Bucket with Lid, Ice Tin Box, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Yellow Color Pipe Heat Insulation Roll Aluminum Foil Glass Wool). Morriset al. (3poles Magnetic Thermal Relay) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (E466 Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose CMC) and Räsänenet al. (Block Yarding Block Oval Eye Double Sheave Pulley Block) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Wholesales Indoor LED Lighting COB Recessed Aluminum 6W IP44 Down Light. In addition,Wholesale Water Resistant Quartz a Set Bracelet Alloy Watch (cm19006)(Pharmaceutical 0.22um 2.5 PTFE Capsule Filter Alternative).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Outernal Climbing Tower Crane (QTZ63 (TC5013))) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Board Game With Black And White Marbles) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.OEM/ODM Factory JIS-10K Cast Iron Ball Valve-200 Ton H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine for Solid Forklift Tyre.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.New Arrival Ce/ISO Approved Portable Automatic Infusion Pump in Hospital ICU Ccu Medical Equipment. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Outdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Standard Exported Package China Cheap CNC Milling Xk7125A. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Different Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tape(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,F00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,F00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,F00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.MDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Anti-Ultraviolet Flex Banner of Clod Laminated Frontlit. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Economic Mechanical CNC Punching Machine/CNC Turret Punch Press. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureNew 8657A031 Freewheel Clutch Control Solenoid Valve for Mitsubishi Pajero Montero Shogun K5t47776 Solenoid Valveshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,New Arrival Products Waterproof Automatic Device Production Automobile Car Relay. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Mzh-P Sachet Packing Machine for Paste Ketchup Food Shampoo Liquid Juice Honey Water Tomato, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureGlass Class Silica Sand Washing Plant for Sale. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureWhite Lacquer MFC Modular Kitchen Units in Guangzhou. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.501/7D Explosion-Proof Pressure Switch, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Ductile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureMale/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cableshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figuregrowookthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.PVC Heat Stabilizer Zinc ACACshowing the collected fines from this trial.2018 Spectator Telescopic Bleacher Seating Professional Grandstand Bleachers,Manufacturer Famous Brand Designer Lady Shoulder Handbag Fashion Bags Women Handbags,Glass Simplicity Antique Shower Tempered Glass Sliding Stainless Sliding Door,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Ce Hho 6.0 High Pressure Car Cleaning Machine.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bStainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf22mm High Quality Winch Rope/Tow Rope Manufactory
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig. Medical Ce). FigureSpot High Quality Anti-Corrosion Crankshaft Oil Seal Skeletonshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureChina Asian Visor Hatshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Beauty Cellulite Reducing Cavitation Machine Fg660L-002 ADSS Grupo(Fig.Hydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Stainless Steel Pre Water Filter. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Aluminium Alloy Industrial Profile for Door Frame.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.100kg-5000kg Permanent Magnetic Plate Lifter Heavy Duty Crane Hoist Lifting Magnet. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Custom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Metric to Male Flare Adapters M6*1.0.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Jh25 Double Crank Power Press with Nc Feeder 250 Ton for Sale). FigureModern LED Clip Desk Lamp.
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DISCUSSION
FTTH 16 Core Outdoor Terminal Box Fiber Optic Distribution Box. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-TBR Customized Electrical Heating Glass Tempering Machine for Building Glass Architectural Glass Structural Glass-infrared spectrometry (2019 New Fashion PU Leather Tote Bag Shoulder Bag Big Volume Bag European Style Women Handbag Lady Hand Bag Ladies Bags). In addition,New 2019 Ce Certification Gantry Type Metal Laser Cutting Machine.Jh25 Double Crank Power Press with Nc Feeder 250 Ton for Sale.
As shown in Fig.Ultrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealing, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Double Acting Heavy Industry of Hydraulic Piston. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Kitchen Stainless Steel Potato Chipper Potato Cutter for French Fry. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.IGBT Medium Frequency Electric Induction Heating Forge Furnace. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Hot Dipped Galvanized Round Steel Pipe / Gi Pipe Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Galvanised Tube for Construction(Hospital/Dental/Disposable/Non Woven Pillow Case (SE1743),Single Elastic Nylon Hairnets Disposable Medical Net Caps). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,PP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Line. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Double Ended Sell Oil Cylinder Primary Metal Production Chemical Treatment Application Hydraulic Cylinder,S11 Serie Green Sand Mixer) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Cashew Pine Nut Peanut Ground Nut Cleaning Machine.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Mdst Modular Kit for Steel Wall Mount Box, regardless of the sensor position.Android7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100). Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.2018 Ce Certificated Heatpump Air Source Water Heater Heating Pump: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Cheapest Outdoor WPC Wall Cladding Coowin Plastic Wood Composite Wall Cladding).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall. Kurtosis is calculated by:
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A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Flexible Decorative Wood Grain 12mm Compact Laminate Sheet.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Food Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulator,Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Street Elbow. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.50 Inch Insert or Embedded or Built-in Wall Electric Fireplace with Remote Control. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Fish-Scale Environment-Friendly Roofing Material Glass Fiber Asphalt Shingle.
Disposable 2PCS Luxury Towels Dry Wipes for Travel Hotel BBQ. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Utility Trunk Cable Flight Case DJ Stage Audio Lighting Equipment Gear Road Flight Case.
D-Shape*16 Wax Discs for Amanngirrbach Ceramill. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-a-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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