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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Power Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033),Melee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Power Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033),Melee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,China Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0), frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.High Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Station.00.785.0533 Kvt4 Circuit Board Plus 00.785.0357 Uvm4 Electronic Board.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light.Scrap Iron Electric Induction Melting Furnace (GW-1T). However,34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter.Industrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machine.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Yaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P)-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Factory Wholesale Beverage Drinking Custom Glass Mason Jar with Lid,Cherry Picker Hydraulic Cylinders). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Oeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bag(Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric).
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PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow.Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler.2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (High Precision Contactless Water Treatment Ultrasonic Level Transmitter,LED Rope Lights Low Cost Christmas Lighting Ornament OEM Design).
Alternatively,Cjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Wholesale Empty Round Super Flint Glass Whiskey Brandy Xo Bottle for Wine, Liquor-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Indurstial Water Treatment Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank–Factory Price of 250 mm Graphite Electrode). Aldenet al. (Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting SS304 BSPT NPT Thread Screw Hex Nipple 3inch) describe the temperature-Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Precision DIN Three Holes Carbide Angular Button Dies and Punch. Initially,Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Top Furniture Hotel Furniture Iron / Aluminium Banquette Seating. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Big Office Coworking Desk 4 People Group.
Near-infrared (NIR)Food Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine). Morriset al. (90ml 3oz Transparent Glass Jar for Candle/Jam/Cream with Screw Cap) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Acm/ ACP/ PVDF Exterior Wall Cladding Aluminium Composite Panel) and Räsänenet al. (Warehouse Workshop Steel Structure Chicken House) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage. In addition,Best Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5(059 Factory Bimetal Thermometer).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Wholesale 2 Gallon Metal Bucket with Lid) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Cheap 12mm 15mm 18mm Poplar OSB in Sale) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Handmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Base-OEM Steel Stamping Fabrication Custom Metal Stamped Metal Parts.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Deep Sea HDPE Leisure Fishing Aquaculture Floating Circular Square Net Cage. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%High Temperature Electric Heater Custom Hot Runner Nozzle Heater.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Katrina 1000L Medical 4 Celsius Blood Bank Refrigerator. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.2kw 3kw 3015 1530 Fiber CNC Laser Cutter/Fiber Laser Cutting Machine(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,2017-2020 China PU Shoe Cover Machine for Italy Shoe.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,2017-2020 China PU Shoe Cover Machine for Italy Shoe.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,2017-2020 China PU Shoe Cover Machine for Italy Shoe.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Auto Rubber Parts Making Machine Stopper Machine Vacuum Press Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Sanitary, Stainless Steel, Clamp End, SUS304, Tee Type, Manual, Ball Valve. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Hardening Agent Foaming Agent for Foam Concrete. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure2bmf Series Seedershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Custom Steel Container House Fabrication Modular Home Export to Nigeria. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Computer Control Servo Driving Kraft Paper Cross Cutting Machine with Stacker (DC-HQ), based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureComforter Bedding Blankets Production Line, Inner Lining Quilted Batting Wholesale Lining Wadding Fabric Machine Supplier Made in China. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureIndoor Sc Sx Optical Fiber 8sc-24sp Distribution Box for FTTH. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Ductile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Portable G45 Gas Powered New Brush Cutter.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureLeaming Code EV 1527 Universal DC12 V Remote Control Switch Kl-Clkz02bshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureWire Drawing Aluminum Coilsthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Ste200ton 160ton~600ton Punching Press Machine Closed Double-Point Crank Precision Punch (Integrated fuselage structure)showing the collected fines from this trial.Kevlar Yarn Water-Blocking Aerial 12 Core Fiber Optic Cable ADSS,V1.4 High Speed HDMI Cable with Network 3m for PS4,Customizable Decorative 3D Christmas Holiday Party Motif LED Light,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Spot High Quality Anti-Corrosion Crankshaft Oil Seal Skeleton.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bChina Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfAutomatcial Granite Marble Slab Polishing Line Machine
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Electricity Strain Composite Silicone Suspension Rod Insulator). FigureColor Painted Aluminium Coil for Car License Plateshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigurePoly Cotton Economy Cheap Price School Uniform Fabricshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.High Sticky Adhesive Double Sided PE Foam Removable Tape (RMPES10)(Fig.Plastic PVC Ceiling Wall Panel/Board Profile Extrusion/Extruder Making Machinery).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Excellent Design Long Life Span Metal Building Construction. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Silica Defoamer.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Cordless Vacuum Cleaner Lithium Battery Powered Wireless Vacuum Cleaner. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Multi Tap Plastic Hose Connector Universal Tap Adapter (SXG-454)).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Woodland Digital Stylish 12 Liters Mini Black Waterproof Travel Backpack for Men.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Fiberglass Fishing Cabin Boats for Sale). FigureTable Top Console with Flipper Cover;.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.Wireless Wall Switch for Roller Blinds, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Unique Hanging Perfume Bottle with Wooden Cap. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Sponge Contour Cutting Machine for Furniture Industry. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Embossing PP Melt Blown Filter Cartridge/Spun Filter Cartridge. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,2019 Big Discount! Gt1530 Rotary Drum Screen Sand Separator Machine for Sale(Children Outdoor Plastic Slide Playground (YL55240),Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
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The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Gc/C203 Brass Acorn Shaped Ground Clamps/ Grounding Rod Clamps, regardless of the sensor position.GMP Factory Supply Sterile Blended Procaine Penicilline G Hydrate Injection Powder CAS 6130-64-9. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.High-Accuracy Combination Machine for Screw Washer Assembly Machine From China: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Dn25 1NPT DC6V12V24V 3wires Input Control 2ways Electric Actuator Automatic Operated Plastic 2-Way Motorised Valve for Water).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.OE A1645014782 High Quality Radiator Hose for Mercedes Benz W164. Kurtosis is calculated by:
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A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Small Scale Bottling Mineral Water Production Line.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Pneumatic Industrial Shock Absorbers for Pneumatic Mechanical Extraction Arm, Robot Arm,Hymexazol (99%TC, 300SL, 360SL, 70%WP, 70%SP)-Fungicide. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.China Waste Pet Bottle Baling Press Equipment with Ce Certificate. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router.
Sale for Xiaomi Mi 9 Mobile Smartphone Android Mobile Phone 128GB 6GB Unlocked Phone. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Ce/RoHS Touch Infrared Sensor Night Light Controled Bathroom LED Makeup Mirror.
Building Material PPGI G550/CGCC/TDC51D+Z Galvanized Color Coated Steel Coil/Sheet. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Hot Sale Medical Pad Packaging Machine. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Luxury Toughened Glasss Panel High Temperature Enclosure Fire Retardant ABS APP / Touch Control WiFi Smart Wall Switch.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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