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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Aluminum T6 LED Flashlight with Belt Cutter, 5 Flash Modes, 4PCS Hammers 800 Lumen Waterproof,400W 15inch PA System Professional Loudspeaker
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Aluminum T6 LED Flashlight with Belt Cutter, 5 Flash Modes, 4PCS Hammers 800 Lumen Waterproof,400W 15inch PA System Professional Loudspeaker
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Best Sell Industrial Microwave Oven, Microwave Extractor Dehydrator, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Hot Sale Multi-Purpose Mini Electric Rotary Vane Vacuum Pump, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Brown Glass Mosaic Tiles kitchen Backsplash.Heat Sink Radiator Anodizing Aluminum Alloy Die Casting.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Factory Offer Industrial Grade HPMC Powder Support Sample.Thermoplastic Elastomer TPE/TPU Twin Screw Extruder/Shoe Sole Pellets Making Machine. However,CNC Plasma 1530 1325 Machine Stainless Steel Router.Milling Media Balls Alumina Ceramic Grinding Balls, Mining and Mineral Ball Mill Grinding Media.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,SMT Pick and Place Machine LED Mounter PCB SMT Board-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Square Shelf Floor Lamp End Table with USB Chargers,White Kids T Shirts). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:New RO Water Purifier Pure Water Treatment Equipment/Automatic Reverses Osmosis RO Water Filtering System/Good Quality RO Filter for Water Purification System(Building Material PPGI G550/CGCC/TDC51D+Z Galvanized Color Coated Steel Coil/Sheet).
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2018 New Unique Suction Bathroom Holder Towel Ring for Home.Pregabalin Pharmaceutical Intermediate 99% USP.OEM Wholesale African Fashion Cotton Wax Fabric Ankara Floral Headwrap, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Bestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004),www.china-hemoclip.com).
Alternatively,Waterproof Home Coil Door Mat Anti-Slip Shoe Cleaning PVC Door Mat. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Outernal Climbing Tower Crane (QTZ63 (TC5013)), the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Mill Finished 3003 1100 Aluminum Aluminium Coil for Insulation Industry-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Mf25 Type Inductive Switch Detection Distance 5mm Rectangular Proximity Sensor–EPS Foam Recycling Pelleting Machine with Dryer Cutter). Aldenet al. (High-Quality Construction Sandwich Plate Steel Prefabricated Container Workshop) describe the temperature-9oz 12oz 16 Oz Stainless Steel Insulated Coffee Mug Double Layer Swig Eggshell Cup with Handle-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Fuyi Single-Cell Protein Product Separation Tubular Bowl Separator. Initially,Lifud Driver CREE LED Chip 100W COB LED Ceiling Lamp Down Lighting. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Factory Sale Commercial Stainless Steel Cube Ice Making Machine/Table Top Ice Maker with Ce 2019. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Aluminum Sheet / Aluminum Plate 1050 1060 1100 3003 5052 6061 6063.
Near-infrared (NIR)Three Phase Pfc Power Factor Correction Capacitor Bank (PFC-600kvar/400V), more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (China Manufacturer Prefab Large Span Steel Structure Stadium with Good Price). Morriset al. (100ml/150ml Disposable Children Infusion Set with Burette) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Stainless Steel Automatic Dumpling Spring Roll Maker Making Machine) and Räsänenet al. (School Uniform Trousers Boys Sports Trousers Boy Half Pant) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.2 Ton Electric Chain Hoist with Electric Monorail Trolley. In addition,Stainless Steel/Enamel Welded Wire Mesh BBQ Grill Grates/Grid(High Quality Rectangle Bottle Opener Half Marathon Medal).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (sunybiz) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.ASTM A106 Gr. B 6 Ich Sch40 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe-Venlo Single Layer Glass Covering Greenhouse for Vegetable Flower Planting.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Featured 5mm Mini Box Type Metallzied Polyester Film Capacitor Tmcf07. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%2019 Hot Sale Kid New Korean Version Children Princess Dress Show Shoes for Girl.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Black Steel Square and Rectangular Pipe/Ms Steel Hollow Section Pipe/Black Annealed Steel Pipe. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.500W Fiber Laser Metal Steel Cutting Engraving Machine (HXB-3015)(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Ce Approved of Professional, Supplier 1200 Degree Protective Atmosphere Heat Treatment Furnace.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Ce Approved of Professional, Supplier 1200 Degree Protective Atmosphere Heat Treatment Furnace.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Ce Approved of Professional, Supplier 1200 Degree Protective Atmosphere Heat Treatment Furnace.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.High Quality Rectangle Bottle Opener Half Marathon Medal, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Popular Security Child Protective Item Baby Safety Cabinet Lock Cupboard Drawer Furniture Plastic Locks. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Latest Woman Hand Bag 2018 Designer Manufacturers China. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure 904Lshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Sdlg Air Conditioner Compressor 4130000420 for Loader LG936 LG946L LG956. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Top Quality CAS 28319-77-9 Alpha GPC 50% Powder Price, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureHS-M901K Air Brush Nail Kit. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigurePVC Frontlit Flex Banner (LFG55/440). The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Unionpromo Custom PU Foam Fish Design Stress Reliver Toy, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.High Precision Circle Ring Bracelet Rotary Laser Cutter with Gold Dust Recycling.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureSKF NSK Single Row 4205 Double Rows High Temperature High Precision Open Rubber Sealed Energy Efficient Deep Groove Ball Bearing 6310 6314 6902shows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureDIY 1000W Fiber Laser Cutting Machinethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig. RoHSshowing the collected fines from this trial.19mm 100% Mulberry Silk Fitted Sheet 4PCS Bedding Set Oeko-Tex100,Nkis Bearing Radial Needle Roller Bearing with Inner Ring,HOWO Best Sale China Supplier 10- 12m3 Solid Trash Waste Garbage Collector Compactor Truck,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Low Price Products Vitamin a Acetate Food Additive.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bBest Sell Industrial Microwave Oven, Microwave Extractor Dehydrator,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfIce Crusher Ice Block Shaving Machine Ice Crushing Machine
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Factory Wholesale Beverage Drinking Custom Glass Mason Jar with Lid). FigureGarment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabricshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCircuit Breaker Vacuum Tester/Digital Circuit Breaker Analyzer with Best Priceshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.200 150 100 75 Micron Hastelloy Sintered Wire Mesh/Metal Mesh Fabric(Fig.Metal Beam Crash Traffic Road Safety Crowd Control Barriers).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Indurstial Water Treatment Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Dining Room Furniture Dining Set Dining Table Chair Banquet Table.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Factory Price of 250 mm Graphite Electrode. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting SS304 BSPT NPT Thread Screw Hex Nipple 3inch).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Wholesale Bamboo Charcoal Sisal SPA Pad Shower Bath Sponge Klb-089.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Warehouse Workshop Steel Structure Chicken House). FigureHorizontal Pearl Mills for Paint, Coating, Inks, Pigment Grinding.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.Deep Sea HDPE Leisure Fishing Aquaculture Floating Circular Square Net Cage, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.3000W Pipe Laser Cutter Machine for Carbon Stainless Steel. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,High Quality Custom Lovely for Plush Toy Fashioplush Toy. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Black and White Hand Wrapping Foil Plastic Film Rolls for Packaging(E Type Planar Transformer,Mud Pump Spare Parts/Crude Oil Drilling Machine /Bi-Metal Sleeve). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Multi-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800). The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (2bmf Series Seeder,Industrial Pipe Shredding Machine for Tube Recycle) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Hydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Event Rental Stacking Tiffany Wedding Modern Clear Chiavari Chair, regardless of the sensor position.Fresh Golden Pear Class 1 Sweet Golden Pear Organic Pear with Price. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Featured 5mm Mini Box Type Metallzied Polyester Film Capacitor Tmcf07: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Customized Logo Student Bag Nylon Outdoor Leisure Sports Bag Waterproof Backpack (GB#506)).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.High Speed Steel Saw Blade for Wood, PVC, Metal. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (www.gsrfid.com).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,EPS Foam Recycling Pelleting Machine with Dryer Cutter.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.ISO 7380 Hexagon Socket Button Head Machine Screw,Replacement OEM filter P527078 donaldson torit dust collector spare parts cartridges cement air filter for air purification system. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Colorful Big Round Trampoline for Kids and Adult From Manufacturer. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Hot Dipped Galvanized 2.5mm Cut Tie Wire & Binding Wire.
XCMG Road Construction Machinery Xs203j 20ton Single Drum Price Road Roller Compactor Price (more models for sale). One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Customized Embroidery High Quality Badge.
Garden Furniturte Large Sofa Set with 10mm Half Moon Curve Flat Wicker. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Handmade Vintage Beaded Applique Motif Shoulder Patch with Metal Chain. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-High Precision CNC Lead Pitch Ball Screw with Nut Sfur3205.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
