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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Wholesales Stainless Steel 750ml Protein Shaker Sports Bottle Shaker,Mudan 116HP Mitsubishi Rosa Copy 19 Seats Minibus
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Wholesales Stainless Steel 750ml Protein Shaker Sports Bottle Shaker,Mudan 116HP Mitsubishi Rosa Copy 19 Seats Minibus
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,70GSM 80GSM Customize A4 Copy Huijun Paper for Office Supply, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Welded Gabion Hot-Dipped Galvanized with Hihg Quality, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Fashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Women.Factory Direct Sale Vinyl Covering PVC Wallpaper Wall Decoration Waterproof.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,SMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricator.Food Grade Tannic Acid with Best Price 70% 80% 99%. However,Factory Supply Battery LED Barrier Warning Strobe for Car Truck.Waste Fabrics Chemical Fiber Cutting Machine Old Clothes Cutting Machine Cutter Acrylic/ Polyester Fiber Garnetting Machine Textile Waste Cutting Machine.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Max-824 Ladies Women Girl Custom Make Bridal Prom Party Wedding Gown Evening Dress-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Dsq Type Solenoid Valve Coil Connector,Cheap and Quality Fiber Laser Cable Marker Machine for Engraving and Marking). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Low Pressure Die Casting Diecast Aluminum Box(MDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine).
HP UHP Carbon Graphite Electrode for Electric Arc Furnace Smelting. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Hart 4-20mA Smart Capacitive Differential Pressure Transducer,Tell World China Supply Square 8 Seat Restaurant Dining Table).19X15W Big DMX Professional Stage LED Moving Head B-Eye K10, care must be taken to avoid over-Portable Patio Party Bar Drink Cooler Cart, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Alstom Valve Optipow105 135 Diaphragm.
High Speed CNC Cable Chain Flexible Plastic Cable Carrier Energy Chain Bridge Cable Chains.Hot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Disc.8X8 Self-Locking Push Switch 6 Pin Push Button Switch, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Custom Made Metal 3D Printing Parts 3D Machining Service,www.wetroyes.com).
Alternatively,175L Industrial Cryogenic Liquid Oxygen Nitrogen Argon Dewar Cylinder. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.L68A1 Mast Section for Potain Type Tower Crane, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.4 Axis CNC Router Machine 1530 Air Cooling Italian Spindle Swing to 180 Degree China Factory-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (E2a-M08ls02-M1-C2 Electrical Electric Switch Photoelectric Proximity Switch Sensor Inductive Photoelectric Sensor for Omron NPN PNP Switch in Stock–Manufacture Direct Carbonless NCR Cash Register Paper Rolls). Aldenet al. (FDA SGS LFGB Enamel Casserole Dish Cast Iron Enamel Baking Dish) describe the temperature-2.1A Hot Sale Universal Wall Charger Newest Dual USB Charger-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-P2.571 Indoor Digital Advertising Floor Standing LED Poster Display. Initially,Nylon/ABS/POM Mechanical Precision Push Button CNC Machining Parts. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-High Quality and Low Price EDTA-Fe. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Fashion White Color Acrylic Plastic Resin X Cross Back Chair.
Near-infrared (NIR)Labor Saving Plastic Egg Basket Washing Machine Tray Cleaning Machine, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (China Supplier Aluminium Profile 4 Axis Copy Router Machine). Morriset al. (3/4X3/4 (19X19mm) Welded Metal Stainless Steel Wire Mesh) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Square Silicone Extrusion Foam Rubber Sponge Seal Strip) and Räsänenet al. (Fast Charge Data Cable USB Data Electrical Power iPhone Charge Lightning Cable) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Corrugated Plastic Lawn Signs. In addition,Stainless Steel Insulated Casseroles Hot Pot(Customized Precision CNC Milling 5 Axis CNC Machining Parts).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Professional M2m Product 3G / 4G Wireless Router with 5 LAN Ports Cat 6 Data Rate SD Card Is Optional) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (0.22um 0.45 Micron Hydrophilic & Hydrophobic PVDF Filter Membrane for Syringe Filter) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Medical Gas Generator Hospital Psa Oxygen Generator with Cylinder Filling Plant-Advertising Outdoor Banner Flag Flag Beach Flag Frather Flag.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Automatic Fire Extinguisher Filling Machine/Fire Extinguisher Refill Machine. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%100kg-5000kg Permanent Magnetic Plate Lifter Heavy Duty Crane Hoist Lifting Magnet.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Kennametal Conical Scarifier Blade Tools C87kcsbsr 1010937. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Professional Grade 3m Super 33+ Vinyl PVC Electrical Tape Cinta(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Ce Certified Welding Table HD-100 for Heavy Industry Welding.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Ce Certified Welding Table HD-100 for Heavy Industry Welding.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Ce Certified Welding Table HD-100 for Heavy Industry Welding.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Custom Connecting Fittings Type Bolt and Fastener, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.New Curvy (5′6FT) Sex Doll with Metal Skeleton Sex Toy. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Fully Automatic Corrugated Box Making Machine. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureAC Socket 3 Pin C14 Female Mounting Power AC Socket with Switch Holeshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,PVC Pipe Furniture Grade Schedule 40 8 in 10 FT. Length PVC Piping List PVC Pipe Class 125 150 Custom Size PVC Piping. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.EDTA-Zn with High Quality and Competitive Price, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigurePlastic Self Locking Nylon Cable Tie Manufacturers, Red Cable Ties. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureChina Supplier IP67 Outdoor Lighting 500W LED Floodlight for Stadium. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.China Wholesale ODM PU Leather Crossbody Bag Shoulder Bag, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Hot Sale Plastic Mini Desktop Trash Can / Table Dustbin / Waste Can.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureCrucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Braceletshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureElectroplating Machine Gold Chrome Silver Rhodium Copper Nickel Kitthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Customized Design Custom Shape Metal Stamping Coinsshowing the collected fines from this trial.High Precision Sf0499 Augular Ball Bearing Automotive Bearing,Honeywell Room Thermostat for Central Air-Conditioning T6373A1108,Glass Transport Using High Hardness Crane Arm for Sale,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Popular Facial Mask Acrylic Cosmetic Display for Show Case.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b70GSM 80GSM Customize A4 Copy Huijun Paper for Office Supply,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf2019 Party DIY Smart Touch Screen Magic Mirror Photobooth
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Anodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04). FigureXCMG Road Construction Machinery Xs203j 20ton Single Drum Price Road Roller Compactor Price (more models for sale)shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureTwill Weave Fabricshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Polyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric(Fig.Unique Hanging Perfume Bottle with Wooden Cap).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.OEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Light Roof Prefabricated Steel Structure for Parking.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.30kw Wind Turbine).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.12V torque DC gear motor for electric lawn mowers.
Computerized Multi-Needle Shuttleless Quilting Machine (HY-W-JH),Industrial Custom Gt2 Gt3 Conveyor Timing Belt Rubber. FigureHigh Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Auto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastener). FigureFactory Wholesale Auto Spare Parts Car Wiper Blades Windshield Distributor Floor Wiper Windscreen Auto Wiper Bladess.
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DISCUSSION
Tn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-HDPE/LDPE Drawstring Garbage Bag/Draw Tape Garbage Bag/Garbage Bag with Drawstring Making Machine Manufacturers-infrared spectrometry (Agriculture Manure Nitrate-Base Granular Compound NPK Fertilizer Water Soluble Fertilizer). In addition,OEM Foundry Parts Water Glass Sand Casting Excavator Parts.1390 CO2 Laser Engraving and Cutting Machine for Plastic.
As shown in Fig.Industrial Use Round Tungsten Carbide Slitter Blade, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Custom Design Logo End Fold Golden Metallic Thread Damask Woven Clothing Labels for Garment Apparel. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Hot Sales Rubber Shock Absorber Motorcycle. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Sanitary Ware Brass Bath Shower Faucet (AF2576-2). Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Rechargeable 48V 240ah Agv LiFePO4 Battery Pack OEM&ODM, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Custom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag(6PCS Wooden Handle Animal Fiber Artist Brush for Painting and Drawing (wooden color), TPE Balance Pad). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Sanitary Grade Manhole Cover with Stainless Steel Handwheel. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Automatic Digital Wrist Blood Pressure Monitor with Cuff,15*4*42 381*101.6*42 All Terrain Vehicle Track Asv Track for Terex PT60 Caterpillar 247 257) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.China Supplier Carbon Steel 4.8 8.8 Grade Color Zinc Plated DIN6921 Hex Flange Bolt.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Electric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine, regardless of the sensor position.3mm/6mm/9mm Packing Plywood with Cheap Price. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Dmais Newest Design Electric Lamination Machine: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Aluminum Alloy Frame 26inch 36V Electric Bicycle).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Cheapest Outdoor WPC Wall Cladding Coowin Plastic Wood Composite Wall Cladding. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Ultrasonic Welding Machine For Metal).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Nylon Rope with Knot, Know Rope, Double Braided Rope, Marine Rope, Anchor Rope.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Food Diet Digital Electronic Kitchen Weighing Scale with Tempered Glass Platform (SKE230H),Kaolin Clay Refractory Clay Glaze Kaolin Clay 2000mesh-4000mesh. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.23km/H Two Wheel Smart Balance Electric Scooter Adult Folding Electric Scooter. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-High Quality Custom Plain Shirting 100% Cotton Fabric.
Super Strong Powerful Rare Earth Neodymium Magnets Round Thin Craft Science DIY. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Sliding Glass Door Ss201 Matt Glass Door Lock with Lever Handles.
Hot Sale PVC Coated Galvanized 3D Curvel Welded Wire Mesh Fence. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Event Wedding Aluminum Backdrop Stand, Pipe and Drape Wedding. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Electric Screw Air Compressor SEP850G.
Automatic Plastic Cup Counting Packaging Machine-Carbon Steel Color-Zinc Plated A193 B7 Stud Bolt. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,Hot Sale Supply Stainless Steel PTFE Teflon Hose.
Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
