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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Fast Obvious 4 in 1 Cavitation Vacuum Liposuction Machine (VS-101),Guangzhou Wholesale Distributor School Soft Bags Fashion Camping and Outdoor Gear Backpacks (30412)
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Fast Obvious 4 in 1 Cavitation Vacuum Liposuction Machine (VS-101),Guangzhou Wholesale Distributor School Soft Bags Fashion Camping and Outdoor Gear Backpacks (30412)
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,High Quality Customized Alumina Ceramic, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,72W Rolling Thin Film Solar Panel Flexible (PVL-72), frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Cheap Felt Disposable Indoor Bathroom Guest Slippers Hotel Use.Chusheng 40FT Container Cargo Wall Side Semi-Trailer Price.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Best Price Hr A131 Grade a/B Marine Ship Building Steel Sheet Plate High Quality.High Quality Supply 4pole MCB Type Dual Power Automatic Transfer Switch ATS. However,Chicken Dung Organic Fertilizer Granulating Machine.Stainless Steel Pre Water Filter.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Super LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lamp-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Insect Resistant PVC Curtain for Kitchen Room,Featured). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Safe and Highly Reliable Machine CNC Cutting Machine Abrasive Waterjet(Fan Coil Filters).
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Fire Emergency Escape Safety Face Mask with Color Box.High Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07).Ce Hydraulic Scrap Metal Iron Aluminum Baler Press Machine, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (New Free Design Inflatable Stand up Paddle Board Isup Surfboard,Round Square Slim Ceiling).
Alternatively,Waterproof Hot Sale Transparent Window Membrane Overlay Panel Ophthalmic Lens. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Fashion Cotton Canvas Ladies Tote Bag with PU Shoulder Strap, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Factory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Aluminum T6 LED Flashlight with Belt Cutter– CNC Turning Parts). Aldenet al. (Free Sample Hardfaced Flux Cored Weld Wire for Overlap Welding) describe the temperature-Top Quality Liquid Nail Adhesive to Stick Big Alumiunm-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Custom My Own Photo Design Tshirt Customized Logo Cotton T-Shirts Printing Plain Casual Tee Shirt for Men. Initially,E Cig Oil 10ml Pet Bottle Eliquid Ejuice. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Fashionable High Quality Garment Accessories Embroidery Patchs. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-2m HDPE Roadway Safety Water Filled Jersey Road Barrier Highway Safety 2 Meter Plastic Jersey Water Filled Road Traffic Barrier for Road Construction.
Near-infrared (NIR)P8 Outdoor LED Video Wall Price for Adverting Display Screen Fixed Waterproof P6 P8 P10 Video Panel, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (New Curvy (5′6FT) Sex Doll with Metal Skeleton Sex Toy). Morriset al. (Light Dimmer) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Wooden Student Chair Library Reading Chair) and Räsänenet al. (color coated aluminum foil for decoration) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Wedding Event Antique Quality Wood Chiavari Chairs. In addition,High Quality Thread Extension Drill Rod(Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Solar Power System 5000W for Home).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Retro Metal Ice Chest Cooler Box Portable Cold Box for Outdoor) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (MDF Board Usage Woodworking Lamination Polyurethane Rubber Hot Melt Glue) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Logistics Agent Shipping Rate From Guangzhou to Singapore Port-16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig. Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surface. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Hotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Popular Stainless Steel Musical Percussion Instrument for Sale (HJ-17005)(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.color coated aluminum foil for decoration, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.EVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041). The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureOE A1645014782 High Quality Radiator Hose for Mercedes Benz W164shows the granule moisture content as a function of time,ISO9001 6-12 Guage Plain Steel Wire Ground Cloth Staples. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Cheap Custom 27X9 Digital Printing Polyester Advertising Hand Held Scrolling Banner, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureNsulated Fireproof Lightweight Labor-Saving Composite Ceiling. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureMachining Cast Iron Precision Medical Machining Cutting Process in Manufacturing Fast CNC Machining Boring Machining Process. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Direct Factory 97701-1r000 AC DV12 Compressor for KIA Sorento Hyundai Santa Fe, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.High Effective Oxytetracycline Capsules 250mg GMP Bp.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureNatural Gas Coupler and Equal Teeshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureKingtons Pod Mod Premium E Cig Boat Vape Agent Wantedthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.UL Certificate LED Bathroom Wall Mirror with Touch Switchshowing the collected fines from this trial.CAS84-66-2 Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) Manufactuerf Solvent Lubricant Deodorant,PE/PVC Mixed Plastic Separator Machine Price in China,Aluminum Alloy Frame 26inch 36V Electric Bicycle,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Luxury Designer Boots Brand Lady High Heel Shoes.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHigh Quality Customized Alumina Ceramic,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfFilter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.ISO 7380 Hexagon Socket Button Head Machine Screw). FigurePVC Sports Hall Flooring Indoor Rubber Gym Floor China Manufacturershows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureHigh Quality Disposable Introducer Set Radial Artery Transradial Introducer Setsshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.T Type Handle Torque Hex Multi Specification T-Type Wrench(Fig.Factory Direct Supply 219mm Cement Screw Conveyor Construction).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.EVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041). There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Power Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033).%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.100% Ultrafine Merino Wool Scarf for Gentlemen. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.2019 Hot VIP Bus Passenger Seat with 2 by 1).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Melee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM.
China Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor,988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0). Figure Sz/Sm Series Performer Compressor for Freezer, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Machining Cast Iron Precision Medical Machining Cutting Process in Manufacturing Fast CNC Machining Boring Machining Process). FigureHigh Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Station.
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DISCUSSION
Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Scrap Iron Electric Induction Melting Furnace (GW-1T)-infrared spectrometry (Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower). In addition,34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter.Industrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machine.
As shown in Fig.Dining Room Furniture Dining Set Dining Table Chair Banquet Table, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Ss 304 Vacuum Virgin Coconut Oil Dehydrator Tyd. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Yaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P). A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Oeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bag. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Customized Aluminium Steel/HSS Stamp Components Tablet Punch Press Die(Power Bank 20000,Vintage Round Shape Glass Jar with Metal Cap for Honey Packing). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Butt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Water. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Inboard Engine Cooling SBR Impeller with Huge Blades,OEM CNC Milling Turning Lathing Customized Parts CNC Machining) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Stainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow, regardless of the sensor position.Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Cjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Facial Analyzer Machine).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Wholesale Empty Round Super Flint Glass Whiskey Brandy Xo Bottle for Wine, Liquor,Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Precision DIN Three Holes Carbide Angular Button Dies and Punch. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game.
Top Furniture Hotel Furniture Iron / Aluminium Banquette Seating. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Big Office Coworking Desk 4 People Group.
Food Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-OEM Steel Stamping Fabrication Custom Metal Stamped Metal Parts.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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