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Megan Bojarra
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Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,201 304 Inox Tube Stainless Steel Pipe and Tube Mirror Polished, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Modern White Fabric Living Room Secetion Sofa for Hotel Reception, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Good Performance Vertical Veneer Dryer Machine for Core Veneer.Big Size Plastic Plant Hanging Pots/Hanging Flower Pot.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,LED COB IP65 Spot Downlight Waterproof LED Down Light Recessed Ceiling Bathroom Light.36V500W Electric Kids ATV for Sale. However,Fan Capacitor 2UF Cbb61 Metallic Polypropylene Film Capacitor 450V.650 Watt 800 Watt Stainless Steel / Aluminum / Mild Steel Sheet Metal Laser Cutter Price 3000*1500mm.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Dehydrated Garlic Powder in Bulk at Wholesale Price-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Shark′s Mouth Shape Stainless Steel Buckle Connect with 1.5m Webbing,www.ritecmachine.com). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:High Power 162W CREE LED 4X4 DRL Offroad Work Lights(2019 Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Earphone Wireless I11 Tws Earbuds).
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Disposible Adjustable Adult Child Medial Oxygen Venturi Mask.Petroleum Oil Gasoline Diesel Fuel 1 Inch Fuel Transfer Hose.Vertical Liquid Reciever for Refrigeration Units (ZRLC-644), as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Issc Bluetooth Module for Bluetooth Headset Wireless Headphone,Cheap Price Safety Shoes).
Alternatively,Automatic Fast Speed Laminating Machine. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.PVC White BS Thread Pipe Water Supply Piping System 5.6 Metres, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.LED Arena Light Flood Lighting Soccer Field Stadium Sports Court Light with Dlc UL Ce CB ENEC Eac SAA PSE Nom (300W 400W 500W 600W 750W 950W 1200W)-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures ( Productive High Solid Clear Coat.–Professional FKM Eco Rubber 5/16 Inch Gasoline Hose). Aldenet al. (Das Type 5 PCS Kit Hydraulic Compact Seal) describe the temperature-AC Socket 3 Pin C14 Female Mounting Power AC Socket with Switch Hole-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Professional Cardboard Paper Jewelry Gift Packaging Box for Wedding. Initially,Best Price Concrete Pigments Iron Oixde Red, Yellow, Green. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Fan Assisted Cooling Single Door Beverage Display Chiller. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Modern Simple Kitchen Cupboard TV Cabinet Side Table.
Near-infrared (NIR)UL 1710 FEP Teflon Insulation High-Temperature Tinned Stranded Wire, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Wholesale Virgin Material 700MB Blank CD-R with Grade a+ Quality). Morriset al. (99.5% Purity Refractory White Aluminum Oxide 5-3mm) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Bolt Knot Irregular Metal Alloy Handbags Bags Decoration) and Räsänenet al. (Black and White Hand Wrapping Foil Plastic Film Rolls for Packaging) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Plastic Injection Mold Sleeve Precision HSS Ejector Sleeves. In addition,PVC Foam Sheets for Composite Sandwich Constructions(Accordion Dust CNC Machine Bellow Covers).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (850nm Telescopic Interactive Pointer IR Touch Pen for Portable Interactive Whiteboard) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Wireless Charger With Make-Up Lamp) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Factory Price Szl Automatic High Efficiency Chain Grate Coal Fired Steam Boiler-Cosmetic Product Electronic Checkweigher Conveyor Weighing Processing Equipment.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Keno-L102 Good Quality Hologram Strip Label Labeling Machine. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Deformed Steel Rebar Round Bar Reinforcing Iron Metal Bar.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Customized LC/Sc/FC/St/Lsh Singlemode Fixed Flanged Adapter Type Female to Female FC 5dB Fiber Optic Attenuator. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.UL FCC PSE Passed 5V 2A USB Charger Us Plug for Wholesale(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,15*4*42 381*101.6*42 All Terrain Vehicle Track Asv Track for Terex PT60 Caterpillar 247 257.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,15*4*42 381*101.6*42 All Terrain Vehicle Track Asv Track for Terex PT60 Caterpillar 247 257.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,15*4*42 381*101.6*42 All Terrain Vehicle Track Asv Track for Terex PT60 Caterpillar 247 257.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Tray Type Activated Carbon Air Filter, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Plastic Touch Screen Door Exit Push Release Button Switch. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Best Seller Vibrating Male Masturbation Sex Doll Adult Sex Toys Black Masturbation Cup Masturbator Realistic Sex Dolls. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureVertical Liquid Reciever for Refrigeration Units (ZRLC-644)shows the granule moisture content as a function of time,6mbp75ra060 IGBT Modules Mosfet Power Modules Electronic Fujitsu Modules Original and New in Stock. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Good Quality ASTM Standard 2017A Aluminium Alloy Plate, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureSlaughterhouse Waste Recycling Mbm Processing Machine Slaughtering Waste Rendering Plant. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureStable Single Screw Plastic Flakes Recycling and Pelletizing Extruder. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Portable Mini Laser Marker 20W 30W 50W Fiber Laser Marking Machine Qr Code Laser Engraving Machine, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Commercial Bakery Conveyor Pizza Baking Oven.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureSmall AC Fan Industrial Type Blower Exhaust Fanshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureWholesale High Quality 100% Polyester Fashion Waterproof Mens Rain Jacketthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Single-Phase Ebt Arc Furnace Electric Arc Furnace Electrodesshowing the collected fines from this trial.Excellent Design Long Life Span Metal Building Construction,Road Black or Red Belgium Rubber Speed Cushion/Speed Cushion,Silicone Baby Brush Shower Brush 100% Silicone Gentle Nubs Massage Scrubber,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Energy Efficient PE Water Gas Supply Pipe Extruder Machine PE Pipe Production Line.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b201 304 Inox Tube Stainless Steel Pipe and Tube Mirror Polished,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfLyz-5120 120W 8 Aluminium Outdoor Column Speaker Series
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.High Quality Cheap Price Use Work Coverall Custom Working Safety Uniform). FigureCustomized Architectural Engineering Rubber Expansion Swell Stripshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigurePersonalized Custom Digital Printing Polyester Outdoor Rainbow Flag Capeshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Wholesale Price Colled Rolled ASTM / AISI / SUS / GB / DIN / JIS 904L Super Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet(Fig.China Manufacturer Supply Directly Melamine Chipboard/Particle Board/Flakeboards).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Witson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Free Sample Hardfaced Flux Cored Weld Wire for Overlap Welding.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Corrugated Plastic Lawn Signs. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Alstom Valve Optipow105 135 Diaphragm).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Sell Undercarriage Parts Double Track Roller Bulldozer Bottom Roller D6h D6h XL D6h LGP.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Stainless Steel Manual Delivery Bed). FigureLoose Fit Ladies Fitness Jumper Multicolor Camo Crop Sports Hoodie.
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DISCUSSION
China Manufacturer Canned Coffee Dispenser Vending Machine at Cheap Price. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Toilet Tank Fitting for 2 Piece Ceramic-infrared spectrometry (Kaolin Clay Refractory Clay Glaze Kaolin Clay 2000mesh-4000mesh). In addition,Wholesale Cake Tray Edge Folding and Making Machine.Desktop/ Table Type Cold Pressure Welding Machine for Copper Wires.
As shown in Fig.Frog Lamp Light Emitting Diode Warning Taillight Lamp Floodlight, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Insect Resistant PVC Curtain for Kitchen Room. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Air Cooler/Evaporative Air Cooler. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Sinotruk HOWO Special Truck 6 Wheel 8cbm Compactor Garbage Truck. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Aluminum T6 LED Flashlight with Belt Cutter, 5 Flash Modes, 4PCS Hammers 800 Lumen Waterproof(Short Path Distillation System with Heating Mantle and Magnetic Stirrer,steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,400W 15inch PA System Professional Loudspeaker. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Top Quality CAS 28319-77-9 Alpha GPC 50% Powder Price,Centrifugal Open Impeller Paper Sugar Stock Flushing Water Pump) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Best Sell Industrial Microwave Oven, Microwave Extractor Dehydrator.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Hot Sale Multi-Purpose Mini Electric Rotary Vane Vacuum Pump, regardless of the sensor position.Brown Glass Mosaic Tiles kitchen Backsplash. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Heat Sink Radiator Anodizing Aluminum Alloy Die Casting: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Two Pole Circuit Breaker 2 Phase DC MCB).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Factory Offer Industrial Grade HPMC Powder Support Sample. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Stone Panel Aluminum Honeycomb).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Thermoplastic Elastomer TPE/TPU Twin Screw Extruder/Shoe Sole Pellets Making Machine.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.CNC Plasma 1530 1325 Machine Stainless Steel Router,Milling Media Balls Alumina Ceramic Grinding Balls, Mining and Mineral Ball Mill Grinding Media. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.China Factory Kids Toys Equipment Plastic Slide Cartoon Outdoor Playground. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-SMT Pick and Place Machine LED Mounter PCB SMT Board.
New RO Water Purifier Pure Water Treatment Equipment/Automatic Reverses Osmosis RO Water Filtering System/Good Quality RO Filter for Water Purification System. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Customized Forged and Cast Railway Wheel Train Parts.
China Wholesale ODM PU Leather Crossbody Bag Shoulder Bag. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Vintage Round Shape Glass Jar with Metal Cap for Honey Packing. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Pregabalin Pharmaceutical Intermediate 99% USP.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
