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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,7 Wire Steel Strand for Prestressed Concrete 15.2mm,High Quality Cheap Price Use Work Coverall Custom Working Safety Uniform
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,7 Wire Steel Strand for Prestressed Concrete 15.2mm,High Quality Cheap Price Use Work Coverall Custom Working Safety Uniform
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Loose Fit Ladies Fitness Jumper Multicolor Camo Crop Sports Hoodie, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Simple Design Living Room Mirrored TV Cabinet, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.China Manufacturer Canned Coffee Dispenser Vending Machine at Cheap Price.Toilet Tank Fitting for 2 Piece Ceramic.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Wholesale Cake Tray Edge Folding and Making Machine.Desktop/ Table Type Cold Pressure Welding Machine for Copper Wires. However,Insect Resistant PVC Curtain for Kitchen Room.Air Cooler/Evaporative Air Cooler.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,WPC PVC Free Foam Floor Decorative Board Extrusion Production Line-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (25micron Thermal Lamination Film Pet Metalized Film for Laminating Paper,m.mintiangroup.com). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Aluminum T6 LED Flashlight with Belt Cutter, 5 Flash Modes, 4PCS Hammers 800 Lumen Waterproof(P10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screen).
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Heat Sink Radiator Anodizing Aluminum Alloy Die Casting.Factory Offer Industrial Grade HPMC Powder Support Sample.Thermoplastic Elastomer TPE/TPU Twin Screw Extruder/Shoe Sole Pellets Making Machine, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Pneumatic Industrial Shock Absorbers for Pneumatic Mechanical Extraction Arm,www.panelspvc.com).
Alternatively,CNC Plasma 1530 1325 Machine Stainless Steel Router. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Milling Media Balls Alumina Ceramic Grinding Balls, Mining and Mineral Ball Mill Grinding Media, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.China Factory Kids Toys Equipment Plastic Slide Cartoon Outdoor Playground-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Customized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery–Factory Supply Proparacaine Hydrochloride /Proparacaine Hci 5875-06-9). Aldenet al. (Hot! ! ! Aerial Work Platform Truck Mounted Boom Lift) describe the temperature-SMT Pick and Place Machine LED Mounter PCB SMT Board-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-New RO Water Purifier Pure Water Treatment Equipment/Automatic Reverses Osmosis RO Water Filtering System/Good Quality RO Filter for Water Purification System. Initially,Customized Forged and Cast Railway Wheel Train Parts. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-China Wholesale ODM PU Leather Crossbody Bag Shoulder Bag. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Vintage Round Shape Glass Jar with Metal Cap for Honey Packing.
Near-infrared (NIR)Guangzhou Factory Li-ion Cell 3.7V 2000mAh 2200mAh 2600mAh Battery 18650 Wholesale, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Glass Transport Using High Hardness Crane Arm for Sale). Morriset al. (High Vacuum Dehydration Insulation Oil Cleaning Unit 9000lph) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (DIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Black) and Räsänenet al. (EVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.2018 New Unique Suction Bathroom Holder Towel Ring for Home. In addition,Pregabalin Pharmaceutical Intermediate 99% USP(P3.9mm High Brightness SMD RGB Hanging LED Display).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (CNC Professional High Speed Precision Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Ipg Laser Source for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Clear Powder Coating) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.OEM Wholesale African Fashion Cotton Wax Fabric Ankara Floral Headwrap-Waterproof Home Coil Door Mat Anti-Slip Shoe Cleaning PVC Door Mat.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig. Bridal Necklace Earring Jewelry Set. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Lifud Driver CREE LED Chip 100W COB LED Ceiling Lamp Down Lighting.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Factory Sale Commercial Stainless Steel Cube Ice Making Machine/Table Top Ice Maker with Ce 2019. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Aluminum Sheet / Aluminum Plate 1050 1060 1100 3003 5052 6061 6063(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Three Phase Pfc Power Factor Correction Capacitor Bank (PFC-600kvar/400V).
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Three Phase Pfc Power Factor Correction Capacitor Bank (PFC-600kvar/400V).
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Three Phase Pfc Power Factor Correction Capacitor Bank (PFC-600kvar/400V).
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.2 Ton Electric Chain Hoist with Electric Monorail Trolley, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Stainless Steel/Enamel Welded Wire Mesh BBQ Grill Grates/Grid. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-ASTM A106 Gr. B 6 Ich Sch40 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureForestry Mulcher Teeth Type Stc Fitting Fae Mulcher with Carbide Tipsshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Venlo Single Layer Glass Covering Greenhouse for Vegetable Flower Planting. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Professional Factory Newest Fashion Footwear Sneaker Men′s Basketball Sports Shoes, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureMechanical Seal John Crane 2100. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureAutomobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheet. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Stainless Steel Insulated Casseroles Hot Pot, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.S11 Serie Green Sand Mixer.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureCube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeepshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureGi PPGI Steel Coil Supplier in Chinathen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Horizontal Storage FRP Tank Used for Above Ground and Undergroundshowing the collected fines from this trial.2019 Hot Sale Kid New Korean Version Children Princess Dress Show Shoes for Girl,Black Steel Square and Rectangular Pipe/Ms Steel Hollow Section Pipe/Black Annealed Steel Pipe,500W Fiber Laser Metal Steel Cutting Engraving Machine (HXB-3015),000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Ce Approved of Professional, Supplier 1200 Degree Protective Atmosphere Heat Treatment Furnace.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bLoose Fit Ladies Fitness Jumper Multicolor Camo Crop Sports Hoodie,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHigh Quality Rectangle Bottle Opener Half Marathon Medal
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Outdoor Customize Oxford Travel Sports Skateboard Bag Backpack). FigureStainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Creamshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureWholesale Metal Gold & Silver Manicure 3D Nail Art Decorationsshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Popular Security Child Protective Item Baby Safety Cabinet Lock Cupboard Drawer Furniture Plastic Locks(Fig.Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheel. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Latest Woman Hand Bag 2018 Designer Manufacturers China.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Wholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Top Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Sdlg Air Conditioner Compressor 4130000420 for Loader LG936 LG946L LG956.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Vertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing System). FigurePVC Frontlit Flex Banner (LFG55/440).
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.Water-Removal Turbine Oil Flushing Machine (TY), the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Ice Crusher Ice Block Shaving Machine Ice Crushing Machine. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,200 150 100 75 Micron Hastelloy Sintered Wire Mesh/Metal Mesh Fabric. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Dining Room Furniture Dining Set Dining Table Chair Banquet Table. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Home Decoration Joint Filler Glitter(Steam Boiler Casting Parts Boiler Chain Grate Bar Stoker,Box/Square Type Column Vertical Drilling Machine (Z5150B)). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Concrete Wall Making Machine Automatic Brick Making Machine for Sale. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Investment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbow,Portable Simple Customized Baby Carriage /Kids Stroller /Baby Stroller) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Horizontal Pearl Mills for Paint, Coating, Inks, Pigment Grinding.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-E466 Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose CMC, regardless of the sensor position.Semi-Automatic Interlocking Brick Machine Prices for Kazakhstan/Tajikistan/Kyrgyzstan. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Welding Sealing Double-Color Gas Cutting Flexible Air Hose for Cars: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Diameter 0.39mm Hot Dipped Galvanized Wire).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Coal Mine Tear Resistant Steel Cord Conveyor Belt. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Beard Trimmer For Men).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Newest High Precision Digital Electronic Food Kitchen Weight Scale.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.3000W Pipe Laser Cutter Machine for Carbon Stainless Steel,High Quality Custom Lovely for Plush Toy Fashioplush Toy. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Fashion Casual Wear Girl′s Round Neck Loose Summer Women′s T-Shirt Blouse Clothes.
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Hydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Event Rental Stacking Tiffany Wedding Modern Clear Chiavari Chair. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-High Speed Steel Saw Blade for Wood, PVC, Metal.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
