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Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,High Quality Thread Extension Drill Rod,Logistics Agent Shipping Rate From Guangzhou to Singapore Port
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Indurstial Water Treatment Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric.Customized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater.Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill. However,Hotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor.Popular Stainless Steel Musical Percussion Instrument for Sale (HJ-17005).
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,color coated aluminum foil for decoration-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (V1.4 High Speed HDMI Cable with Network 3m for PS4,Portable Fridge DC 12V Compressor Freezer Refrigerator for Trucks Caravans). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:EVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041)(Fan Assisted Cooling Curve Glass Cake Display Showcase for Cake).
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Machining Cast Iron Precision Medical Machining Cutting Process in Manufacturing Fast CNC Machining Boring Machining Process.High Effective Oxytetracycline Capsules 250mg GMP Bp.CAS84-66-2 Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) Manufactuerf Solvent Lubricant Deodorant, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Plastic Moulds Injection Mould Injection Moulding Plastic Products,Hydrophobic PVDF/PTFE 0.22um 0.45 Micron Filter Membrane for Air Filtration).
Alternatively,PE/PVC Mixed Plastic Separator Machine Price in China. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Aluminum Alloy Frame 26inch 36V Electric Bicycle, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Luxury Designer Boots Brand Lady High Heel Shoes-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Guangzhou Factory Li-ion Cell 3.7V 2000mAh 2200mAh 2600mAh Battery 18650 Wholesale–12′-26 Mountain Bicycle Tyre Bike Tire). Aldenet al. (Gitia Eco- Friendly Environmental Waterproof Fireproof Indoor Click Spc Vinyl Flooring) describe the temperature-Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-T Type Handle Torque Hex Multi Specification T-Type Wrench. Initially,Power Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033). As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Melee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-China Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor.
Near-infrared (NIR)988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0), more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Shuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap). Morriset al. (Semi-Finished Mixed Injectable Liquid Cutting Blend 500mg/Ml) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Mobile and Fixed Type-Yj Agitator for Chemical From China) and Räsänenet al. (Latest Woman Hand Bag 2018 Designer Manufacturers China) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.High Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Station. In addition,00.785.0533 Kvt4 Circuit Board Plus 00.785.0357 Uvm4 Electronic Board(Nail Jewelry Nail Polish Glue Nail Art Necklace Korea Japan Nail Phototherapy Metal Decoration Metal Bar).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Aluminium Alloy Industrial Profile for Door Frame) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (China Universal Rocker Milling Machine Manufacturers) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light-Scrap Iron Electric Induction Melting Furnace (GW-1T).
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Plastic Injection Moulds/Plastic Molding Dies Manufacturer. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Oeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bag.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Air Cooled Industrial Chiller, Water Cooler. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Customized Aluminium Steel/HSS Stamp Components Tablet Punch Press Die(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Butt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Water.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Butt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Water.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Butt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Water.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Stainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure220kw/275kVA Standby Diesel Generator (NTA855-G1A) (GDC275*S)shows the granule moisture content as a function of time,2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Cjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureAluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureWholesale Empty Round Super Flint Glass Whiskey Brandy Xo Bottle for Wine, Liquor. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Semi Curved Glass Fan Assisted Ice-Cream Display Showcase with 18 Pans, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureChina Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCNC Machining Precision Partsthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Best Seller Vibrating Male Masturbation Sex Doll Adult Sex Toys Black Masturbation Cup Masturbator Realistic Sex Dollsshowing the collected fines from this trial.Precision DIN Three Holes Carbide Angular Button Dies and Punch,Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game,Top Furniture Hotel Furniture Iron / Aluminium Banquette Seating,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Big Office Coworking Desk 4 People Group.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfFood Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Dmais Newest Design Electric Lamination Machine). FigureHigh Precision Circle Ring Bracelet Rotary Laser Cutter with Gold Dust Recyclingshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureAscending Platingshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage(Fig.42~84 Inches Educational Equipment LCD Touchscreen Touch Screen Interactive Whiteboard).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Foska Office Use Hot Sale Heavy Duty Stapler. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Best Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.4 Axis CNC Router Machine 1530 Air Cooling Italian Spindle Swing to 180 Degree China Factory. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Children Toys Pinocchio Shape Wood Material Rattle Drum).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Handmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Base.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.High Quality Softgel Capsule). FigureHome Elevator for 2-4 Person.
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DISCUSSION
Zinc Aluminum Mould Parts for Cold Chamber with Aluminium Die Casting Machine. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-High Temperature Electric Heater Custom Hot Runner Nozzle Heater-infrared spectrometry (Veterinary Esu Unit/Diathermy Machine Veterinary Electrosurgical Unit). In addition,Katrina 1000L Medical 4 Celsius Blood Bank Refrigerator.2kw 3kw 3015 1530 Fiber CNC Laser Cutter/Fiber Laser Cutting Machine.
As shown in Fig.Stainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.2017-2020 China PU Shoe Cover Machine for Italy Shoe. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Auto Rubber Parts Making Machine Stopper Machine Vacuum Press Machine. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Sanitary, Stainless Steel, Clamp End, SUS304, Tee Type, Manual, Ball Valve. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Custom Steel Container House Fabrication Modular Home Export to Nigeria(New Fashion Custom Mens Stainless Steel Wrist Watch (72881),Agricultural Film Plastic UV Film Greenhouse Agriculture). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
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The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Indoor Sc Sx Optical Fiber 8sc-24sp Distribution Box for FTTH, regardless of the sensor position.Portable G45 Gas Powered New Brush Cutter. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Kevlar Yarn Water-Blocking Aerial 12 Core Fiber Optic Cable ADSS: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Food Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulator).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.V1.4 High Speed HDMI Cable with Network 3m for PS4. Kurtosis is calculated by:
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A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Customizable Decorative 3D Christmas Holiday Party Motif LED Light.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Spot High Quality Anti-Corrosion Crankshaft Oil Seal Skeleton,Automatcial Granite Marble Slab Polishing Line Machine. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.High Sticky Adhesive Double Sided PE Foam Removable Tape (RMPES10). With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Silica Defoamer.
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Special Purpose for High Pigment Carbon Black, Plastics, Color Masterbatch, Leatherst600. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Table Top Console with Flipper Cover;. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Large Capacity Ball Grinding Mill for Stone Grinding Machine.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
